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Expert consensus on molecular biology diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteria diseases Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 961-975.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250225 Abstract （617）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （1412KB）（1693）       Knowledge map    Save The incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease has been on the rise. Traditional methods such as acid-fast bacilli staining and mycobacterial culture suffer from limitations including low sensitivity, being time-consuming, and inability to identify specific species. In contrast, molecular biology detection technologies have demonstrated unique advantages and great application prospects in the diagnosis of NTM diseases and precise species identification. However, there is lack of systematic and comprehensive guideline for the molecular diagnosis of NTM disease in China. In order to standardize the clinical application of molecular diagnostic techniques for NTM diseases and enhance the diagnosis and treatment capabilities of medical professionals, the Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association organized a writing group composed of domestic experts in the fields of NTM diseases, infectious diseases, microbiology, and methodology. Through systematic literature reviews, multiple rounds of online and offline discussions, and questionnaire surveys, the group evaluated the respective merits, limitations, and implementation status of current molecular detection technologies, discussed key issues in molecular diagnosis of NTM diseases, and ultimately formulated this consensus after iterative revisions through multiple consensus conferences. Focusing on core issues such as molecular targets for NTM disease diagnosis, molecular biological diagnostic techniques, and standardized interpretation protocols, the consensus formulated 11 evidence-based recommendations. It systematically establishes a technical framework and clinical application pathway for molecular biological diagnosis of NTM diseases, addressing core challenges like technical fragmentation and inconsistent interpretation standards. It provides actionable guidance for clinicians, clinical laboratories, and public health departments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the application of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection detection technologies Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Standardization Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Elderly Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 813-829.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250231 Abstract （665）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （1442KB）（1498）       Knowledge map    Save Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection test is an essential method for identifying latent tuberculosis infection and clinically diagnosing tuberculosis. To better guide clinical practice, this consensus was jointly organized by the Tuberculosis Control Branch, Standardization Professional Branch and Elderly Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association. Based on domestic and international research progress and clinical practice experiences, and taking into account the specific situations in different scenarios, recommendations on the application of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection detection technologies are proposed. The consensus provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics and applications of various Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection tests and offers specific suggestions for the selection and application of detection technologies in different application scenarios, such as high-risk populations, key venue populations, and clinical tuberculosis diagnosis. In addition, the application of infection test results in tuberculosis treatment efficacy evaluation is discussed. This consensus aims to provide references for professionals related to tuberculosis prevention and control, diagnosis and treatment in medical and health institutions at all levels and types, in order to help achieve the goal of “ending the TB epidemic”. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of coexistent pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease/Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital , Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1105-1125.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250276 Abstract （499）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （5072KB）（1264）       Knowledge map    Save Comorbidity of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer refers to the condition where the same patient is affected by both pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer either simultaneously or sequentially. The occurrence of such comorbidity increases the difficulty in diagnosis and differential diagnosis, easily resulting in missed diagnoses, misdiagnoses, and delayed treatment. There exist complex interactions between lung cancer chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and anti-tuberculosis drugs, which not only impair the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis and anti-tumor treatments but also significantly elevate adverse drug reactions. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop standardized diagnosis and treatment consensus through multidisciplinary collaboration to guide clinical practice. The Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association and the National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases/Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, in collaboration with Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute and other institutions, have jointly developed the Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of coexistent pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. This consensus elaborates on the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis-lung cancer comorbidity. It also addresses the screening and management of latent tuberculosis infection. Special emphasis is placed on key clinical challenges, such as drug-drug interactions, optimization of treatment regimens, and the appropriate timing of surgery and radiotherapy. The consensus provides 22 specific recommendations to support standardized and evidence-based clinical decision-making. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and their potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis Chen Liyao, Peng Xiao, Liu Yuanyuan, Shi Jin, Guo Yongli, Lu Jie Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1227-1232.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250143 Abstract （292）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （951KB）（904）       Knowledge map    Save Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, closely associated with macrophage death and host-pathogen interactions, playing a significant role in tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This review systematically described the definition and core characteristics of ferroptosis and conducted an in-depth analysis of its molecular regulatory mechanisms, and the key signaling pathways. Furthermore, it outlined the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis associated with MTB-host interactions, systematically summarized ferroptosis-related biomarkers for TB diagnosis and treatment, and explored the potential applications of targeting ferroptosis in TB therapeutic. This study offers new perspectives for understanding TB pathogenesis and provides an important theoretical foundation and innovative insights for developing precision-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis regulation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on all-oral short-course therapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital Capital Medlical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 830-839.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250087 Abstract （693）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （1182KB）（805）       Knowledge map    Save The World Health Organization (WHO) Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (2016 Update) recommend an entirely oral treatment regimen for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Previous studies have shown that compared to injection-containing or longer-course treatment regimens, short-course oral treatment regimens can achieve better medication safety, tolerability, and treatment adherence, while maintaining treatment success rates. In the WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis, Module 4: Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (2022 Update), a 6-month short-course treatment regimen for DR-TB (6BPaLM; where B: bedaquiline, Pa: pretomanid, L: linezolid, M: moxifloxacin) was proposed, marking the dawn of an era of entirely oral short-course treatment for DR-TB. In June 2024, the WHO issued a rapid communication on new treatment regimens for DR-TB, which are more aligned with the actual situation in China compared to previously recommended short-course oral regimens. To develop a fully oral DR-TB treatment regimen tailored to China’s context, the Chinese Antituberculosis Association took the lead in collaborating with Beijing Chest Hospital/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute affiliated to Capital Medical University and the Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis to organize experts in the field to draft the Expert consensus on all-oral short-course therapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Based on recent domestic and international research progress on entirely oral regimens for DR-TB, this consensus recommends a short-course, entirely oral treatment regimen suitable for China’s national conditions and identifies the appropriate patient populations. It also provides consensus opinions on precautions for using entirely oral treatment regimens and the management of adverse reactions. It is hoped that the publication of this consensus will provide technical guidance for the comprehensive application of short-course treatment regimens for DR-TB in China, thereby further improving the treatment success rates for DR-TB patients in the country. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical characteristics, diagnostic strategies, and advances in grading criteria for tubercular uveitis Lai Xiaoyu, Duan Hongfei, Chen Xunxun, Guo Huixin, Liao Qinghua, Chen Qian, Liang Dan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1204-1211.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250196 Abstract （770）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （1030KB）（763）       Knowledge map    Save Tubercular uveitis (TBU) is a prevalent type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounts for 0.2% to 32% of uveitis globally and approximately 0.7%-4% in China. Early diagnosis and standardized treatment of TBU can lead to favorable outcomes. However, due to the lack of reliable diagnostic methods, high clinical heterogeneity, and significant diagnostic delays (averaging 11 months), the actual incidence of TBU is likely underestimated. Hence, this article provides a systematic review of the clinical characteristics, classification, diagnostic criteria, and recent advances in immunological, molecular biological, and pathological diagnostic methods for TBU. By integrating evidence from recent studies, this article aims to assist tuberculosis specialists, pulmonologists, and ophthalmologists in promoting the early and standardized diagnosis of TBU. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the application of artificial intelligence assisted image reading technology in the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in chest imaging examination Imaging Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association , Society of Tuberculosis, Chinese Medical Association , Standardization Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association , Tuberculosis Control Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1093-1104.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250234 Abstract （364）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （1498KB）（656）       Knowledge map    Save Thoracic imaging is an important tool for the screening and diagnosis of tuberculosis. With the development of computer-aided detection (CAD) technology, new opportunities have emerged for the active finding of tuberculosis using thoracic imaging. This consensus was jointly developed by Imaging Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association;Society of Tuberculosis, Chinese Medical Association; Standardization Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association and Tuberculosis Control Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association. It was supported by the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Publishing House and has been registered on the international practice guideline platform. The development of this consensus followed methodological principles, involving collaboration among experts from multiple fields and combining the World Health Organization’s relevant technical guidelines with the experiences of practical in China. The consensus explains the working principles of CAD, introduces the performance of 15 domestic and international CAD software programs for tuberculosis based on chest X-ray films (CXR), provides recommendations for the application of CXR-CAD in tuberculosis screening among patients visiting medical institutions as well as population with high risk of tuberculosis in communities, describes the research progress of CT based CAD in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, and highlights the current limitations of CAD in the active finding of tuberculosis patients and future research priorities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on medication adherence in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis Wang Huijuan, Cheng Ruixia, Xu jia Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1212-1219.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250173 Abstract （331）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1032KB）（509）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis is one of the global public health issues. Strengthening the management of pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) patients and improving their medication adherence is crucial to increasing PTB cure rate, controlling PTB spread, and reducing socio-economic burden, and it is also the main way to realize the strategic goal of ending TB. This paper summarizes current situation of PTB patients’ medication adherence and its influencing factors and interventions, aiming to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving medication adherence in PTB patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The potentials and challenges of using tongue swab for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection through nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis and screening of pulmonary tuberculosis Xia Hui, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 976-980.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250124 Abstract （334）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1144KB）（445）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health challenge. Etiological examination serves as a critical approach for TB diagnosis. However, some suspected pulmonary TB patients initially present with no sputum or face difficulties in providing qualified sputum specimens, limiting the effectiveness of sputum-based laboratory detection methods. Concurrently, non-sputum based diagnostic methods, such as oral swab, blood, urine, and other body fluids, has become a focus in TB diagnostic research and development. This article systematically analyzes the current research progress on tongue swab-based TB diagnosis and screening, existing challenges, and key considerations in the application of tongue swabs for TB diagnosis and screening. The aim is to provide references for technological optimization and pilot implementations across diverse scenarios. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dosage of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein for skin testing in the 18-65 year-old population and its safety in the 3-17 and 66-75 year-old populations: a randomized, blinded, positive-controlled phase Ⅱ clinical trial Wang Jing, Wang Qingfeng, Jing Wei, Wang Yujin, Wang Xueyu, Huang Hairong, Chu Naihui, Nie Wenjuan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 840-845.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250067 Abstract （359）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1513KB）（443）       Knowledge map    Save Background: The tuberculin skin test, which uses purified protein derivative (PPD), is widely employed for tuberculosis screening. However, the tuberculin skin test cannot reliably distinguish between latent tuberculosis infection, BCG vaccination effects, and active tuberculosis disease. Therefore, more accurate diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are needed. The recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein, composed of early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) derived from the reference strain H37Rv, demonstrates diagnostic potential for latent tuberculosis infection, active tuberculosis disease, and the immune status following BCG vaccination. Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a randomized, blinded, self-controlled dual-arm skin test design with a comparator product was used to compare the sensitivity of different dose groups of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein and control reagents in pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 18-65 years, as well as to their specificity in healthy subjects and non-tuberculous pulmonary diseases patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to determine the optimal diagnostic cut-off value for the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein. The concordance rates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein, the control reagent, and the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) were evaluated, along with safety assessment of the fusion protein. In the second phase, an open-label, single-arm design was adopted. Subjects aged 3-17 and 66-75 year-old received single-arm intradermal test to evaluate the safety of the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein. Discussion: This study aimed to assess the disagnostic efficacy of the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein for detecting latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis, as well as to evaluate its safety profile. The clinical research findings are expected to facilitate the broader application of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein based diagnostic technology across diverse population and clinical settings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of a health education based on the knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) model on sputum quality in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients Liu Tiantian, Du Xin’ai, Lin Shuang, Yuan Xiaoyan, Yao Xiuyu, Li Hongzhi Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1162-1170.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250059 Abstract （231）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （971KB）（410）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the effect of health education based on the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model on the quality of sputum specimen collection in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, and to provide a reference for clinical health education on sputum specimen collection. Methods: A prospective study method was adopted. A total of 227 clinically and laboratory diagnosed PTB patients were referred and recommended by other comprehensive medical institutions or referred and tracked by the tuberculosis reporting system, who first visited the tuberculosis clinic of Zhengzhou Sixth People’s Hospital from January to November 2024 were selected as the research objects. The patients were divided into the control group (111 cases, implementing routine health education) and the experimental group (116 cases, implementing multiform intervention based on the KAP theory on the basis of the control group) by using the random number table method. After excluding 27 patients according to the inclusion criteria, 100 cases were included in each group. The differences between the two groups in the cognitive level of knowledge related to sputum specimen collection, self-efficacy level, as well as indicators such as sputum sample volume, characteristics, and the proportion of standardized sputum collection volume before and after intervention were compared. Results: After sputum collection education by different ways, the total items awareness rate of the experimental group before sputum collection were significantly higher the control group (98.7% (987/1000) vs. 87.4% (874/1000), χ2=98.725, P<0.001). The proportion of qualified sputum exterior, actual sputum collection volume, the proportion of standard sputum examination patients, and the positive rate of mycobacterium culture of the experimental group were significantly higher those of the control group (86.1% (216/251) vs. 70.2% (177/252), χ2=18.414, P<0.001; (3.45±0.98) ml vs. (2.86±0.70) ml, t=4.882, P=0.039; 94.0% (94/100) vs. 74.0% (74/100), χ2=14.881, P<0.001; 35.0% (35/100) vs. 21.0% (21/100), χ2=4.861, P=0.027), respectively. In addition, the self-efficacy scores of the symptom, the self-efficacy scores of the disease comorbidity dimension and the total self-efficacy scores ((34.26±3.47) points, (17.30±1.76) points, (51.56±4.94) points) were significantly higher those of the control group ((30.78±6.65) points, (15.09±3.24) points, (45.87±9.64) points), respectively, the differences were statistically significant (t=4.642, P<0.001; t=5.987, P<0.001; t=5.256, P<0.001). The pathogen positivity rate after sputum education in the experimental group was significantly higher than that before sputum education (45.0% (45/100) vs. 31.0% (31/100), χ2=4.160, P=0.041). Conclusion: The intervention model the KAP theory can effectively improve the quality of sputum specimen collection in newly diagnosed PTB patients by improving the cognitive level of knowledge related to sputum specimen collection, which is conducive to improving the self-efficacy level of patients and has clinical promotion value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of psychological support of tuberculosis patients at home and abroad Meng Qinglin, Wang Yunxia, Tang Yan, Liu Eryong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 981-985.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250049 Abstract （291）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1148KB）（406）       Knowledge map    Save The current situation of psychological support for tuberculosis patients at home and abroad was thoroughly analyzed to reveal the psychological problems and influencing factors affected tuberculosis patients, and the effectiveness and shortcomings of the existing psychological support model. Both domestic and foreign patients generally suffer from psychological distress such as anxiety and depression, which are closely related to the characteristics of the disease, social environment, and individual differences. Domestic efforts rely on relevant policies to promote the implementation of psychological support, but there is still a gap compared to foreign countries in terms of professional resource allocation and community participation. The multidisciplinary collaboration and community led support model in foreign countries emphasizes the key role of comprehensive support service quality in improving patient treatment experience and rehabilitation outcomes, providing useful reference for China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on TCM syndrome differentiation, treatment principles, formulas, and herbs for latent tuberculosis infection Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Chinese Antituberculosis Association , Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2026, 48 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250421 Abstract （439）   HTML （53）    PDF（pc） （1314KB）（406）       Knowledge map    Save The preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a key link in the strategy to end the epidemic of tuberculosis. However, the preventive treatment of tuberculosis in modern medicine has many challenges, such as many adverse reactions and poor patient compliance. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine has shown unique advantages in the preventive intervention of LTBI based on the concept of preventing diseases before they occur and the theory of suppressing pathogenic diseases, which is crucial for achieving precise diagnosis and treatment of LTBI. In order to clarify the TCM syndrome differentiation and classification of LTBI and the corresponding treatment and prescription, Institute of Clinical Basic Medicine of Chinese Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis jointly organized domestic experts in various fields of tuberculosis, including experts in TCM theory, TCM clinic, epidemiology, and basic research, and wrote the Expert consensus on TCM syndrome differentiation, treatment principles, formulas, and herbs for latent tuberculosis infection (hereinafter referred to as the “Consensus”). This consensus system elaborates on the core elements of traditional Chinese medicine etiology and pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and typing of LTBI, as well as the key points of syndrome differentiation for special populations. At the same time, the categories and key characteristics of TCM syndrome differentiation were clarified, and corresponding treatment methods and prescriptions were recommended for each syndrome type, aiming to provide reference for the precise diagnosis and treatment of LTBI. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the etiology and diagnosis of erythema nodosum (2025 version) National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases , Peking University Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases , The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen , Expert Consensus Group on the Etiology and Diagnosis of Erythema Nodosum Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1126-1134.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250195 Abstract （367）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （2678KB）（394）       Knowledge map    Save Erythema nodosum is a complex disorder with etiologies associated with infections, autoimmune diseases, tumors, medications, and idiopathic factors. Clarifying the causes of erythema nodosum and its diagnostic strategies remains a pressing clinical challenge. This is the first expert consensus in China focused on the etiology and diagnosis strategy of erythema nodosum. It is jointly developed by the National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, and the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunity. This consensus document comprehensively examines the etiological classification and pathogenesis of erythema nodosum. Furthermore, it outlines the diagnostic approach for its diverse etiologies, details associated pathological findings, and discusses differential diagnoses, providing evidence-based recommendations throughout. It aims to standardize the diagnostic process for erythema nodosum and improve diagnostic and therapeutic practices, ultimately improving patient outcomes and prognosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and reliability and validity testing of the Pulmonary Tuberculosis Symptom Cluster Scale Kong Hanhan, Chen Zijiao, Zeng Jianfeng, Wu Dan, Tang Lin, Wen Min Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1062-1067.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250080 Abstract （243）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （912KB）（378）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To develop the Pulmonary Tuberculosis Symptom Cluster Scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity. Methods: Guided by the Symptom Experience Model, the preliminary version of the scale was constructed through a comprehensive process involving literature review, semi-structured interviews with patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), expert consultation via the Delphi method, and a pilot study. Subsequently, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 162 hospitalized PTB patients at the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and internal consistency testing were employed to assess the reliability and construct validity of the scale. Results: The developed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Symptom Cluster Scale contains 17 items, covering four symptom clusters: systemic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and psychological. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 65.058%. The scale’s Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.837, the split-half reliability was 0.705. The content validity index of the scale was 0.840, with individual item content validity indices ranging from 0.801 to 1.000. Conclusion: The Pulmonary Tuberculosis Symptom Cluster Scale developed in this study has good reliability and validity, and can be used for the assessment of symptom clusters in tuberculosis patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The value of machine learning algorithm-based diagnostic models in tuberculous pleural effusion Jiao Jiahuan, Sun Changfeng, Wu Gang, Huang Fuli, Sheng Yunjian Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1053-1061.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250033 Abstract （206）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （1183KB）（373）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To explore the value of artificial intelligence Machine Learning Algorithm (MLA) based diagnostic models for tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. All of 233 patients with pleural effusion admitted to The People’s Hospital of Leshan from January 2020 to September 2022 were enrolled as an internal experimental group according to inclusion criteria. Patients were categorized into tuberculosis group (n=106) and non-tuberculosis group (n=127) based on TPE diagnosis. Clinical data were processed and analyzed using R software (version 4.1.1). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were employed for variable selection, followed by the development of four MLA-based diagnostic models: random forest (RF), support vector machine with linear kernel (SVM-linear), support vector machine with polynomial kernel (SVM-polynomial), and multivariate logistic regression. The diagnostic performance of each model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), and compared with the pleural adenosine deaminase (ADA). External validation was conducted using an independent cohort of 141 pleural effusion patients (101 with TPE and 40 without TPE) from The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University during the same period. Results: LASSO regression analysis identified total pleural protein, pleural ADA, mononuclear cell ratio in pleural fluid, serum neutrophil ratio, platelet count, fever, and night sweats as risk factors for TPE (penalty coefficients: 0.216, 0.058, 0.003, 0.049, 0.000, 0.045, 1.605, respectively), whereas pleural carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), polymorphonuclear cell ratio in pleural fluid, and peripheral white blood cell count were associated with a lower risk of TPE (penalty coefficients: -0.072, -0.029, -0.567, respectively). The four MLA-based diagnostic models demonstrated TPE diagnostic sensitivities of 91.8% (RF), 84.5% (SVM-linear), 86.9% (SVM-polynomial), and 85.4% (multivariate logistic regression); specificities of 99.0%, 81.6%, 93.8%, and 81.6%; and AUC values of 0.988, 0.875, 0.959, and 0.886, respectively, all exceeding pleural effusion ADA performance (sensitivity 83.1%, specificity 77.9%, AUC 0.820). In the external validation cohort, the AUCs of the RF, SVM-linear, SVM-polynomial, and logistic regression models were 0.834, 0.827, 0.817, and 0.815, respectively. Conclusion: The novel random forest based diagnostic model demonstrated the best diagnostic performance for TPE identification, providing a simpler, more rapid, and clinical effective diagnostic approach. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of diagnosis and treatment delays and influencing factors of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis patients in China, 2021 Wang Hanfei, Li Jinhao, Wen Yaxin, Xu Caihong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 738-745.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250121 Abstract （322）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1085KB）（367）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the current status and influencing factors of diagnosis and treatment delays in patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in China in 2021, in order to provide evidence for optimizing the diagnosis and treatment process for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect the data of rifampicin-resistant TB patients registered in the “China Disease Prevention and Control Information System” from January 2021 to December 2021. After completeness and logic cleaning, a total of 9025 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. The distribution of patients’ diagnosis and treatment time was described using median (quartile). Non-parametric rank-sum tests were used to compare differences between groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors influencing delays in diagnosis and treatment. Results: The median (quartile) of diagnostic interval was 10 (2, 48) days, and the diagnostic delay rate was 43.73% (3947/9025). The median (quartile) of treatment interval was 5 (0, 21) days, and the rate of treatment delay was 43.42% (3919/9025).The multivariate analysis revealed that patients having household registration in other counties (districts) within the same province (OR=1.252,95%CI:1.024-1.530), in other provinces (OR=1.363,95%CI:1.097-1.693), having previous history of anti-tuberculosis treatment (OR=1.743,95%CI:1.586-1.915) and belonging to non-key population (OR=1.518,95%CI:1.165-1.979) were risk factors for diagnostic delay. The risk factors for treatment delay included patients whose household registration was in the same province but not the same county/district (OR=1.404, 95%CI:1.148-1.717), in other provinces (OR=1.573,95%CI: 1.266-1.956), with a history of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment (OR=1.669,95%CI: 1.499-1.859), and those on short-course chemotherapy regimens (OR=1.491, 95%CI: 1.211-1.836). Conclusion: The rate of diagnosis and treatment delay in rifampicin-resistant TB patients was high in China. It is recommended to further strengthen the cross-regional management mechanism for tuberculosis patients and improve the accessibility of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, so as to shorten the diagnosis and treatment time and improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment of patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on psychological and psychiatric adverse reactions induced by antituberculosis drugs Wang Yutong, Liu Yuhong, Li Liang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 947-953.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250063 Abstract （296）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （890KB）（358）       Knowledge map    Save China is one of the countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden, with a large patient population. Currently, the primary treatment for TB is chemotherapy with anti-TB drugs. However, due to the prolonged treatment duration and the complexity of multidrug regimens, adverse reactions are inevitable. Among these, psychiatric and psychological adverse reactions are relatively common. However, they are often overlooked in clinical practice due to their insidious onset and the lack of specific diagnostic tools and evaluation criteria. This article reviews the latest research progress on the incidence, risk factors, related drugs and their mechanisms, as well as management strategies for psychiatric and psychological adverse reactions induced by anti-TB drugs, aiming to provide theoretical evidence and practical guidance for the early detection and intervention of such adverse reactions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Common nursing problems and countermeasures or suggestions for home isolation and treatment of patients with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis Yao Xiuyu, Du Ying, Chen Sijie, Geng Hong, Gao Lei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 681-686.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250026 Abstract （341）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （1020KB）（357）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease, poses a serious threat to human health. China continues to be one of the countries with a heavy tuberculosis burden worldwide. Home isolation and treatment constitutes a significant approach in China’s efforts to control tuberculosis. Nevertheless, there has been relatively limited exploration regarding the nursing problems and challenges encountered during the home isolation and treatment of infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. This review comprehensively summarizes the current situation as well as the common nursing problems associated with home isolation and treatment of tuberculosis both at home and abroad. Moreover, it delves into community nursing services for pulmonary tuberculosis in light of China’s national conditions, with the aim of offering references and guidance for addressing nursing problems during the home isolation and treatment of infectious tuberculosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application efficacy and research progress of mass spectrometry detection technology in the diagnosis of osteotuberculosis Mao Lirong, Nie Yanhui, An Hongjuan, Wang Ruilan, Dong Enjun, Su Yue, Zhao Wenjuan, Du Jingli, An Huiru Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 940-946.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250038 Abstract （259）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （918KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid advancement of multi-omics technologies, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic and metabolomic analyses have emerged as powerful tools to support the diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis. The identification of disease-specific protein biomarkers and metabolites not only enhances diagnostic accuracy but also offers critical insights into the complex interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host immune responses. These insights hold promise for guiding the development of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs and vaccines. This review synthesizes current findings on the diagnostic utility of MS in osteoarticular tuberculosis and highlights recent progress in understanding how MS-derived biomarkers influence host immune function, thereby underscoring the potential of MS in translational and clinical applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Occult transmission of asymptomatic tuberculosis and iterative renewal of prevention and control strategies Gao Lei, Cheng Shiming, Jin Qi, Liu Jianjun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1135-1139.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250305 Abstract （289）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （1306KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save As a special target population in tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control, patients with asymptomatic tuberculosis (aTB) pose significant challenges to global TB control efforts due to the strong concealment of their condition and the difficulty in clinical diagnosis. Based on the latest definition by the World Health Organization and combined with relevant research progress and global epidemiological evidence on aTB, this paper constructs a logical framework of “problem definition-impact assessment-strategy innovation-challenge response” to systematically elaborate on the key role of aTB in the reconstruction of the disease spectrum, as well as its in-depth impacts on screening strategies, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and public health management. It is expected to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for optimizing aTB prevention and control strategies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of in vitro activity of lefamulin against mycobacteria Gu Yuzhen, Chen Siyi, Huang Hairong, Yu Xia Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 732-737.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20240582 Abstract （319）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （745KB）（338）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of lefamulin against mycobacteria. Methods: A total of 47 standard mycobacterial strains (including 27 rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and 20 slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM)) and 49 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) clinical isolates (including 22 Mycobacterium avium clinical isolates and 27 Mycobacterium intracellulare clinical isolates) preserved in the strain library of Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, were selected as study strains. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the novel antibiotic lefamulin against these strains, and the distribution of MIC values was analyzed; Cytotoxicity assays (CCK8) were performed to calculate cell viability. Results: For 27 RGM standard strains, the strains with MIC ≤16 μg/ml, ≤8 μg/ml, ≤2 μg/ml, and ≤0.5 μg/ml were 12 (44.4%), 10 (37.0%), 4 (14.8%), and 1 (3.7%), respectively. For 20 SGM standard strains, the strains with MIC ≤16 μg/ml, ≤4 μg/ml, ≤2 μg/ml, and ≤0.5 μg/ml were 16 (80.0%), 14 (70.0%), 9 (45.0%), and 6 (30.0%), respectively. For 22 Mycobacterium avium clinical isolates, the MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.125 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. For 27 Mycobacterium intracellulare clinical isolates, the MIC50 and MIC90 were 2 and 4 μg/ml, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays in THP-1 adherent cells showed concentration-dependent and time-dependent decreases in viability following 12, 24, and 48 hours of incubation with lefamulin (0, 5, 10, 20 μg/ml): 12 h:98.80%、95.22%、89.94%、85.78%;24 h:97.99%、91.89%、89.55%、85.61%;48 h:97.33%、91.16%、88.56%、85.02%. Conclusion: Compared to the RGM standard strain, lefamulin exhibits strong inhibitory activity against SGM, with particularly good effects on the Mycobacterium avium complex and its clinical isolates. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The diagnostic value of targeted next generation sequencing in sputum-free pulmonary tuberculosis patients Yang Zeliang, Ma Zichun, Shang Yuanyuan, Shi Jin, Jing Wei, Pang Yu, Qin Lin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 878-883.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250127 Abstract （333）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1236KB）（325）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) for sputum-free pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. Methods: We enrolled 149 sputum-free pulmonary TB patients derived from Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University from December, 2023 to March, 2024 for the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs), followed by culture, Xpert test, and tNGS. Based on microbiological reference standard (MRS) and clinical reference standard (CRS), the diagnostic capacity of these detection methods was compared. Results: The positive detection rates of culture, Xpert, and tNGS were 47.0% (70/149), 53.0% (79/149), and 89.3% (133/149), accordingly. Compared with MRS, the sensitivity of tNGS was 100.0% (81/81), which was similar to Xpert with 97.5% (79/81, χ2=2.025, P=0.155) and higher than culture with 86.4% (70/81, χ2=11.801, P=0.001). Based on CRS, tNGS exhibited the sensitivity of 96.3% (131/136) and the specificity of 84.6% (11/13). The sensitivity of tNGS was significantly higher than Xpert with 59.6% (81/136; χ2=53.459, P<0.001) and culture with 51.5% (70/136; χ2=70.921, P<0.001). Conclusion: tNGS showed an excellent diagnostic potential for sputum-free pulmonary TB patients, thus providing an alternative method for early TB diagnosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the acceptance of preventive treatment and its influencing factors among latent tuberculosis infectors in Shijiazhuang City Shi Xiaojing, Guo Jianhua, Wang Xin, Zhao Qingran, Wang Yuhan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 746-752.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20240591 Abstract （324）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （745KB）（324）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To explore the acceptance of preventive treatment and its influencing factors among people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in Shijiazhuang City. Methods: Treatment rate was used to demonstrate the acceptance of preventive treatment of LTBI in Shijiazhuang from 2022 to 2023. From 2022 to 2023, among randomly selected individuals with latent tuberculosis infection who met the criteria for preventive treatment in Shijiazhuang, 134 individuals who accepted it were enrolled as study group, and 142 individuals who refused treatment were enrolled as control group. The demographics, basic disease history, family economic status, travel mode and close contact history with tuberculosis patients of the two groups were investigated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze influencing factors of the acceptance of preventive treatment for LTBI. Results: From 2022 to 2023, there were 5603 LTBI cases in Shijiazhuang City, 226 cases received preventive treatment, the preventive treatment acceptance rate was 4.03%. Multivariable logistic regression showed that occupation being farmer (OR (95%CI)=0.023 (0.002-0.305)), annual family income per capita being 30000-50000 yuan (OR (95%CI)=0.065 (0.011-0.379)), ≥60000 yuan (OR (95%CI)=0.020 (0.003-0.131)), using public transportation (OR (95%CI)=5.188 (2.068-13.013)), and having close contact history with tuberculosis patients (OR (95%CI)=15.751 (3.246-76.440)) were influencing factors of preventive treatment for LTBI. Conclusion: The acceptance of preventive treatment for LTBI in Shijiazhuang is low. Farmers and people with a per capita annual income of at least 30000 yuan are likely to refuse preventive treatment. People who use public transportation and have close contacts with pulmonary tuberculosis patients are more likely to receive preventive treatment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Predicting pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes using longitudinal chest CT radiomics and deep learning Abuduresuli Tu’ersun, Abudukeyoumujiang Abulizi, Patiman Maimaiti, Huang Chencui, Shen Lingyan, Mayidili Nijiati Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1044-1052.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250047 Abstract （267）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （4944KB）（324）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To develop an effective imaging-based prediction tool for reducing overmedication in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods: We collected longitudinal chest CT imaging data from 279 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who received treatment at the First People’s Hospital of Kashgar between January 2020 and January 2024. The dataset included both pre-treatment and post-treatment CT scans. A total of 3386 radiomic features were extracted to construct five distinct predictive models: (1) a pre-treatment CT-based model, (2) a post-treatment CT-based model, (3) a combined pre- and post-treatment CT radiomics model, (4) a delta radiomics model based on temporal changes in imaging features between pre- and post-treatment scans, (5) a deep learning model utilizing ResNet18 architecture incorporating both pre- and post-treatment CT images. Model performance was evaluated using metrics including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) techniques were employed for model interpretation and visualization. Results: The combined model utilizing both pre- and post-treatment CT data achieved AUCs of 0.845 and 0.770 in the training and test sets, respectively. The deep learning model demonstrated superior performance with AUCs of 0.883 and 0.858 in the training and validation sets, respectively. Conclusion: The deep learning model based on longitudinal chest CT imaging demonstrated robust performance in predicting tuberculosis treatment outcomes, offering valuable support for personalized treatment strategies and resource optimization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the application of extracellular vesicles and the diagnosis of tuberculosis Zhu Qingyu, Liu Jiayun, Long Yin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1077-1084.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250091 Abstract （230）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1425KB）（323）       Knowledge map    Save The early and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) remains a pressing challenge in global public health. In recent years, extracellular vesicle (EV) have emerged as a promising avenue for TB diagnostics. EV are nanoscale, membrane-bound structures that play critical roles in both intracellular and intercellular communication during host-pathogen interactions. Notably, they encapsulate microbial antigenic components with high specificity, offering considerable potential as novel biomarkers for disease detection. Current research efforts focus on identifying novel EV-derived biomarkers, applying highly sensitive nucleic acid detection technologies, and employing nanomaterial-based enrichment strategies to enhance the diagnostic yield of EV in the body fluids of patients with TB. This review summarizes the diagnostic value and recent advances in EV and their associated biomarkers in both pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB. Key technical limitations and potential breakthroughs are discussed, aiming to establish a conceptual framework that may guide future interdisciplinary investigations in this rapidly evolving field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the identification of Mycobacterium species using fluorescent PCR probe melting curve technique and DNA microarray chip technique Fan Ruifang, Dai Xiaowei, Yang Xinyu, Chen Shuangshuang, Chen Hao, Yu Lan, Zhao Yanfeng, Li Chuanyou, Wang Nenhan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1031-1037.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250054 Abstract （322）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （865KB）（320）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To compare the clinical application value of fluorescent PCR probe melting curve assay (MeltPro) and DNA microarray chip technique for the Mycobacterium species identification. Methods: We collected the reference strains within the detection scope of both methods and the clinical isolates suspected to be nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) stored in the Tuberculosis Laboratory the Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2016 to August 2023, and used the two methods for species identification. Strains yielding discrepant results underwent whole-genome sequencing analysis. Results: A total of 19 reference strains (one per species) were selected, with both the Melting Curve Method and the Gene Chip Method achieving a 100.00% concordance rate for their identification. A total of 180 clinical strains were collected, of which 8 strains were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), 1 strain showed the MTBC co-occuring with Mycobacterium fortuitum, and 171 strains were identified as NTM. The overall concordance rate between the two methods for clinical strains was 87.78% (158/180). The top four species by prevalence were Mycobacterium avium intracelluar complex (MAC)(38.26% (57/149)), Mycobacterium chelonae or Mycobacterium abscess (24.83% (37/149)), Mycobacterium kansas (17.45% (26/149)), and Mycobacterium fortuitum (12.75% (19/149)) in 149 NTM strains. Discrepant results occurred in 22 strains: 9 showed MAC discordance between two methods, 1 strain was identified as an Mycobacterium intracellulare using the DNA microarray chip technique, but as Mycobacterium lentiflavum by MeltPro,1 strain was identified as an Mycobacterium terrae using the DNA microarray chip, and as Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum by MeltPro, 10 strains had the identification results by DNA microarray chip, but yielded uninterpretable results by MeltPro, and 1 strain was uninterpretable by DNA microarray chip, but identified as Mycobacterium lentiflavum by MeltPro. Gordonia aichiensis (ANI=99.102),Mycobacterium wolinskyi (ANI=97.822),Mycobacterium monacense (ANI=97.365),Mycobacterium peregrinum (ANI=97.730/97.981/96.930) and Mycobacterium stomatepiae (ANI=96.277) were identified by WGS and calculation of Average Nucleotide Identity(ANI). Conclusion: Both the MeltPro assay and DNA microarray chip method demonstrate good clinical application value for the identification of Mycobacterium species; however, the MeltPro assay exhibits higher accuracy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and validation of a prediction model for pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs in Baoji City Zhang Yaning, Yang Peirong, Yan Chuanyuan, Li Hongbing, Xiao Yuyu, Zhang Lu Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1171-1179.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250152 Abstract （222）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （2932KB）（320）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the main influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs in Baoji City, and to establish a predictive model and formulate strategies to prevent pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs. Methods: Using cross sectional survey design and random cluster sampling, a face-to-face questionnaire investigation was conducted among 813 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were managed by designated hospitals of 12 counties and had received treatment for more than 2 weeks in Baoji City from March 2021 to February 2022. Lasso-Logistic regression was used to analyze influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs, and a Nomogram prediction model was drawn, using area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calibration curve to evaluate the model, and using decision curve analysis to assess its practical application value. A validation dataset was used simultaneously for internal validation. Results: A total of 813 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were included. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs was 54.12% (440/813). Lasso-Logistic regression showed that marital status (OR=1.705,95%CI:1.111-2.617) and hospitalization (OR=5.495,95%CI:3.488-8.656) were independent risk factors, while having family annual income of 28000-60000 yuan or >60000 yuan (OR=0.175,95%CI:0.101-0.302;OR=0.048,95%CI:0.025-0.091) were protective factors. AUC of ROC for the Nomogram prediction model was 0.806 (95%CI: 0.770-0.841), and its mean absolute error was 0.019 for internal validation by Bootstrap method. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test suggested that the fitting degree of the prediction model was good (χ2=4.109, P=0.216). The prediction model had practical value within the threshold range of 0.16-0.96 on the decision curve. Conclusion: The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs was relatively high, and their Nomogram prediction model had good discrimination, consistency, and practicality, which could provide reference for preventing pulmonary tuberculosis-affected households facing catastrophic costs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application value of MeltPro two-step method in tuberculosis diagnosis and drug resistance screening Chen Shuangshuang, Wang Nenhan, Zhao Yanfeng, Fan Ruifang, Tian Lili, Chen Hao, Luo Ping, Li Jie, Li Chuanyou, Dai Xiaowei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 893-900.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250107 Abstract （341）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （856KB）（312）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of MeltPro? MTBC combined with MeltPro? MDR fluorescent PCR melting curve technique (referred to as the “MeltPro two-step method”) for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and drug resistance detection in suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Methods: Adopting prospective research methods, sputum samples from suspected PTB patients who met the enrollment criteria and were initially diagnosed at Tuberculosis Outpatient Department in Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control from April to December 2024 were collected. Several detection methods including smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), MeltPro? MTBC, and MeltPro? MDR assays were performed separately, and the positive detection rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by smear microscopy, Xpert, and MeltPro? MTBC were calculated. The diagnostic performance of smear microscopy, Xpert and MeltPro? MTBC was evaluated based on clinical diagnosis. Drug resistance by Xpert and the MeltPro two-step method were compared. Consistency between Xpert semi-quantitative MTB levels and MeltPro? MTBC results, as well as the success rate of MeltPro? MDR detection, were analyzed. Results: A total of 219 sputum specimens from suspected patients were collected, and 143 cases (65.3%) were diagnosed with PTB (87 confirmed, 56 clinically diagnosed), 6 cases (2.7%) had non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections, and 70 cases (32.0%) were patients with other pulmonary diseases. The MTB positive detection rates by smear microscopy, Xpert, and MeltPro? MTBC were 24.7% (54/219), 35.6% (78/219), and 37.4% (82/219), respectively (χ2=9.536, P=0.008), with no significant difference between MeltPro? MTBC and Xpert (χ2=0.158, P=0.691). Using clinical diagnosis as the reference, the sensitivities of smear microscopy, Xpert, and MeltPro? MTBC were 35.0% (50/143), 54.5% (78/143), and 57.3% (82/143), with specificities of 94.7% (72/76), 100.0% (76/76), and 100.0% (76/76), and Kappa values of 0.233, 0.454, and 0.483, respectively. Rifampicin (RFP) resistance rates were 5.1% (4/78) by Xpert and 6.8% (5/74) by MeltPro? MDR, while isoniazid (INH) resistance was 14.9% (11/74) by MeltPro? MDR. The detection success rate of MeltPro? MDR correlated with Xpert semi-quantitative MTB levels: 8/8 for high, 100.0% (24/24) for medium, 100.0% (24/24) for low, 54.5% (12/22) for very low, and 9.2% (6/65) for negative samples. Conclusion: The MeltPro two-step method demonstrates high consistency with Xpert in TB diagnosis and RFP resistance screening while enabling simultaneous detection of RFP and INH resistance. It is a reliable and convenient method for rapid diagnosis of TB and screening of drug resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the application of artificial intelligence-based CT radiomics in the diagnosis and treatment response monitoring of tuberculosis Zhu Qingdong, Zhao Chunyan, Xie Zhouhua, Song Shulin, Song Chang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1068-1076.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250149 Abstract （450）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （899KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, radiomics models, have effectively distinguished pulmonary tuberculosis from lung cancer, nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease, community-acquired pneumonia, etc, through integrating clinical features with deep learning technologies. They have shown excellent performance in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, significantly outperforming traditional imaging evaluations. In particular, they can provide a powerful non-invasive diagnostic tool for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (such as intestinal tuberculosis and lymph node tuberculosis) cases with difficult diagnosis and limited sample acquisition. The constructed multimodal fusion models not only demonstrate high accuracy in differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn’s disease and lymph node tuberculosis from lymphoma but also show significant potential in predicting drug-resistant tuberculosis and dynamically monitoring treatment responses, presenting broad prospects in the diagnosis and treatment response monitoring of tuberculosis. However, constrained by issues such as uneven dataset quality, limited model generalization ability, and insufficient clinical validation, radiomics models still face severe challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Through in-depth literature analysis, this paper systematically reviews the latest research progress and application value of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven computed tomography (CT) radiomics technology in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (including pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis). It focuses on the innovative analysis of multimodal fusion technologies and clinical implementation scenarios, aiming to provide references for guiding future research directions, further promoting its application and development in the diagnosis and treatment response monitoring of tuberculosis, and contributing to the precision medicine, prevention, and control of tuberculosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane protein MmpS5/MmpL5 and bedaquiline Zheng Zhuangbin, Bi Lijun, Zhang Liqun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 884-892.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20240584 Abstract （296）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （1634KB）（302）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To express and purify the Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane proteins MmpS5 and MmpL5, investigate their interaction with bedaquiline (Bdq), and elucidate the specific transport mechanism of the MmpS5/MmpL5 efflux pump system in conferring Bdq resistance. Methods: Expression plasmids for MmpS5 and MmpL5 were constructed. MmpS5 and MmpL5 proteins were expressed and purified in HEK293F mammalian cells and Mycobacterium smegmatis, respectively. The interactions between Bdq and MmpS5/MmpL5 were assessed using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The expression plasmids for MmpS5 and MmpL5 were successfully constructed. MmpS5 was purified in HEK293F cells, and MmpL5 was purified in Mycobacterium smegmatis. DSF results showed that as the concentration of Bdq increased, the melting temperature (Tm) of MmpS5 slightly decreased. Whereas the Tm of MmpL5 significantly increased, by up to 5.98 ℃, suggesting a binding interaction between MmpL5 and Bdq. Competitive ELISA further demonstrated that the absorbance of MmpL5 decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of unlabeled Bdq, indicating that MmpL5 interacts with biotin-labeled Bdq, and this interaction can be competitively inhibited by unlabeled Bdq. Conclusion: In the MmpS5/MmpL5 efflux pump system, MmpL5 directly interacts with Bdq, while MmpS5 shows no significant interaction. These findings suggest that MmpL5 may directly mediate the efflux of Bdq, whereas MmpS5 likely plays an auxiliary role without direct involvement in Bdq transport. This study provides a critical foundation for understanding the mechanistic role of the MmpS5/MmpL5 efflux pump in Bdq resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of bedaquiline-containing regimens for the treatment of patients with multidrug/rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Nanning: a retrospective cohort study Wei Liuying, Jing Wei, Liu Zhifeng, Nie Wenjuan, Huang Xianzhen, Huang Lianpiao, Ban Fengting, Lin Yanrong, Yang Shixiong, Zhu Qingdong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 914-920.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20240553 Abstract （348）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1075KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of bedaquiline-containing regimens for the treatment of multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (TB) patients in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Methods: Adult multidrug/rifampicin-resistant TB patients admitted to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Nanning from January 2019 to January 2024 were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on their treatment regimens: the conventional long-course regimen group (conventional group) and the bedaquiline-containing regimen group (bedaquiline group). Data on patients’ demographic characteristics, treatment process, treatment outcomes, adverse reactions, and treatment costs were collected and analyzed statistically. Results: A total of 521 patients were included in the study, with 134 in the bedaquiline group and 387 in the conventional group. The proportion of patients with favorable treatment outcomes in the bedaquiline group was 82.1% (110/134), significantly higher than that in the conventional group (63.3%, 245/387), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=16.173, P=0.001). The incidence of adverse reactions in the bedaquiline group was 31.3% (42/134), which was not significantly different from that in the conventional group (35.4%, 137/387)(χ2=0.726, P=0.394). There were no deaths in the bedaquiline group, while 24 patients died in the conventional group. The loss-to-follow-up rate in the conventional group was 24.0% (93/387), significantly higher than that in the bedaquiline group (12.7%, 17/134), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=7.691, P=0.006). The median treatment cost in the bedaquiline group was 11.0 (10.2,11.8) ten thousand yuan, significantly higher than that in the conventional group 6.6 (6.1, 7.7) ten thousand yuan, with a statistically significant difference (Z=75078.000, P=0.001). Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the medical cost per successfully treated patient was 106000 yuan in the conventional group and 134000 yuan in the bedaquiline group. Conclusion: Although the treatment cost of bedaquiline is relatively high, its success rate is also relatively high, and its safety is good. It can provide more treatment options for rifampicin-resistant TB patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative study on the epidemiological characteristics of actively and passively detected tuberculosis patients in Zhejiang Province, 2024 Yang Ke, Zhang Yu, Wang Wei, Wu Qian, Chen Bin, Chen Songhua Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1140-1147.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250203 Abstract （273）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （947KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To compare the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients detected through active versus passive case-finding in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2024, and to quantify the contribution of active detection to TB control. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using individual records from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in 2024. Demographic, temporal, spatial and clinical characteristics, as well as care-seeking interval, were compared between actively and passively detected cases with χ2, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, as appropriate. Results: Of the 21764 PTB patients registered in 2024, 4977 (22.87%) were identified by active case-finding and 16787 (77.13%) through passive detection. Active detection accounted for a disproportionately large share of students/children (43.55%), people aged ≤14 years (44.75%) and ≥65 years (20.38%). The highest proportions of actively detected cases were observed in Shaoxing (29.73%), Ningbo (28.26%), Jiaxing (25.94%) and Quzhou (23.44%). The proportion of patients was higher in the second (24.15%) and third quarters (25.76%). The median (IQR) care-seeking interval was 11.00 (3.00, 29.00) days for actively detected cases, significantly shorter than the 19.00 (7.00, 40.00) days for passive detection. Conclusion: Active case-finding facilitates earlier diagnosis, shortening care-seeking delays, and preventing disease progression. Resource allocation should be optimized according to local TB epidemiological patterns and active case-finding should be strengthened in high-burden areas and among key populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge, attitude and practice survey on tuberculosis prevention and control among specific populations in Meigu County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province Sun Shanhua, Lezhe Laji, Gao Zhidong, Zhao Yao, He Xin, Xu Qiang, Yang Maosheng, Xu Yan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 992-998.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250243 Abstract （297）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1003KB）（295）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To understand the current status of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control among key populations in Meigu County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and provide a basis for carrying out TB health education in ethnic minority areas. Methods: A uniformly designed questionnaire was used to survey five categories of key populations in Meigu County. A census was conducted for all health system staff, middle school faculty in-service and middle school students attending school, and police staff in Meigu County; rural residents were surveyed by milti-stage sampling method. Except for students who used paper questionnaires, other populations were surveyed through Wenjuanxing (an online survey platform in China). A total of 12335 questionnaires were collected, of which 12038 were valid, representing a ralidity rate of 96.04%. Results: The overall awareness rates of the five key population groups in Meigu County were 90.97% (4712/5180) for health system personnel, 89.58% (3552/3965) for middle school faculty, 88.38% (844/955) for police workers, 71.80% (32212/44865) for middle school students, and 69.61% (3637/5225) for rural residents. The differences in rates were statistically significant (χ2=1555.74, P<0.001). Among the five core messages, the item “Which of the following statements is correct about preventing the transmission of tuberculosis?” had the poorest mastery. For each core message, the awareness rates were generally lower among rural residents and middle school students. The willingness of different populations to participate in TB prevention and control was generally high, with the proportion of willingness for each attitude among different populations all being ≥88.90%. In terms of TB prevention and control-related behaviors, the current smoking rates were 42.93% (82/191) among police workers, 37.42% (391/1045) among rural residents, 23.84% (247/1036) among health system personnel, 23.33% (185/793) among middle school faculty, and 7.47% (670/8973) among middle school students, with statistically significant differences in smoking rates (χ2=1121.30, P<0.001). Spitting in public was relatively common: 95.95% (994/1036) of health system personnel and 94.76% (181/191) of police workers reported seeing others spit in public, while the proportions for middle school faculty, rural residents, and middle school students were 79.32% (629/793), 78.09% (816/1045), and 52.41% (4703/8973), respectively. The proportion of people practicing correct coughing etiquette was generally low: only 16.17% (169/1045) of rural residents, followed by 32.95% (2957/8973) of middle school students, 40.84% (78/191) of police workers, 50.19% (398/793) of middle school faculty, and 83.88% (869/1036) of health system personnel, with statistically significant differences in rates (χ2=1292.52, P<0.001). Conclusion: In specific populations of Meigu County, the awareness rate of TB prevention and control knowledge among rural residents and middle school students is relatively low. All survey respondents showed a high willingness to participate in TB prevention and control. Unhealthy habits such as spitting anywhere and smoking are relatively common, and the proportion of people mastering correct coughing etiquette is low. It is necessary to carry out inter-departmental cooperation, integrate activities such as the patriotic health campaign and smoking ban activities in public places, and further strengthen health education on TB prevention and control. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the trends of pulmonary tuberculosis disease burden among the elderly population in China from 2005 to 2020 Zhang Manhui, Zhang Mengdi, Lu Zheng, Li Junqi, Zheng Wenjing, Wang Xin, Huang Fei, Liu Jianjun, Yao Hongyan, Wang Qiqi Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 753-759.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250055 Abstract （345）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1238KB）（294）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To explore the trends and trajectories of pulmonary tuberculosis disease burden among the population aged 60 and above in China (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao regions) from 2005 to 2020, across different regions, urban and rural areas, and age groups. Methods: Based on the pulmonary tuberculosis incidence, mortality and demographic data among the elderly population aged 60 years and above in China from 2005 to 2020, which obtained from the China Tuberculosis Information Management System, the National Disease Surveillance System and the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System, the changing tendencies in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by pulmonary tuberculosis were calculated. After stratifying the data by region, urban/rural area and age, trajectory model was applied to analyze the trends in DALYs rates. Results: The trajectory models of pulmonary tuberculosis DALYs rates for the elderly population in different age groups were fitted into two groups: Group 1 included the elderly population aged 60-64 (t=―5.484, P<0.001), and Group 2 included the elderly population in the remaining age groups (t=―16.464, P<0.001). The trajectory models of standardized tuberculosis DALYs rates for the elderly population in different regions were also fitted into two groups: Group 1 included the elderly population in the eastern region (t=―3.395, P=0.001), and Group 2 included the elderly population in the central and western regions (t=―8.863, P<0.001), both showing a downward trend. After stratifying the elderly population by age group, region, and urban/rural area, a total of 36 combinations were obtained. The trajectory models of pulmonary tuberculosis DALYs rates were fitted into three groups: Group 1 showed a downward trend (the first time item t=110971.711, the second time item t=―17438254.240, the third time item t=150665.213, P<0.001), including all the elderly population in the eastern region, urban elderly population aged 60-64 and 65-69 in the central and western regions, and rural elderly population aged 60-64 in the central region; Group 2 showed a linear downward trend (t=―22.210, P<0.001), which was more obvious than that of Group 1, including all the elderly population in urban areas of the central and western regions except those in Group 1, as well as the elderly population aged 60-64 years and ≥85 years in the western region; Group 3 showed a downward trend (t=―14.923, P<0.001), which had the highest DALYs rate among the three trajectory groups, including the elderly population in the remaining rural groups in the western region. Conclusion: The pulmonary tuberculosis disease burden in the elderly aged 60 years and above in China showed a declining trend from 2005 to 2020. However, the downward trends in different subgroups were heterogeneous. More attentions should be given to the elderly population with advanced age, living in rural areas, and residing in the western regions. More targeted and precise prevention and control strategies and measures should be developed according to the characteristics of each subgroup. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A case of pulmonary Castleman disease prone to misdiagnosis: a literature review Liu Yiping, Lin Youfei, Chen Xiaohong, Pan Jianguang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 921-929.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20240593 Abstract （331）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （3475KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To characterize the radiological features, diagnostic process, clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and prognostic outcomes of pulmonary Castleman disease (PCD), with the aim of reducing misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the diagnostic workup, therapeutic interventions, and follow-up of the first documented case of PCD at Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fujian Province. Additionally, we performed a systematic literature search using the terms “Castleman’s disease” and “pulmonary” across the Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and PubMed databases, covering the period from January 1994 to January 2024. A total of 48 eligible articles were identified, encompassing 239 reported cases of PCD. Results: A 42-year-old male patient presented with a one-year history of chronic cough and sputum production and was admitted to Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fujian Province, on April 23, 2019. He had previously been misdiagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis at an outside institution. Following a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation—including bronchoscopy, cervical lymph node biopsy, percutaneous lung puncture, and multiple pathological consultations—the patient was ultimately diagnosed with plasma cell type PCD. He received standardized targeted therapy, which led to symptomatic improvement and clinical stabilization. Through literature screening, 239 csases of PCD were identified. Including the present case, a total of 240 patients were analyzed. Based on imaging characteristics and the feasibility of surgical resection, these cases were categorized into two subtypes: isolated PCD (IPCD) and diffuse PCD (DPCD). Of the 240 cases, 108 were classified as IPCD and 132 as DPCD, with both subtypes predominantly affecting young and middle-aged adults. IPCD was largely asymptomatic, with 68 patients (62.96%) presenting no clinical symptoms. In contrast, DPCD was associated with a broader spectrum of clinical manifestations, including cough (63 cases, 47.73%), fever and night sweats (44 cases, 33.33%), dyspnea (56 cases, 42.42%), and fatigue (54 cases, 40.91%). Histopathological analysis revealed that the majority of IPCD cases exhibited the hyaline vascular variant (77 cases, 79.39%), whereas the plasma cell variant was predominant in DPCD (75 cases, 56.82%). Pulmonary function tests were performed in four patients with DPCD, all of whom demonstrated mixed ventilatory defects and impaired diffusion capacity. Surgical resection was the primary treatment modality for IPCD and was associated with favorable outcomes. In contrast, DPCD was primarily managed with chemotherapy and targeted therapies, and exhibited a poorer prognosis, with seven reported deaths. Conclusion: PCD is an uncommon and often underrecognized lymphoproliferative disorder that presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential for accurate diagnosis and optimal management. Imaging-based classification distinguishes two clinical subtypes—IPCD and DPCD—with DPCD presenting more frequent and severe symptoms, distinct pathological features, and poorer outcomes. This classification framework enhances clinical recognition and may guide therapeutic decision-making; however, further validation through prospective clinical studies is warranted. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Community-based active case-finding for pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly: analysis of strategies and effectiveness based on a multicenter cohort study Zhang Canyou, Xia Yinyin, Chen Hui, Zhao Fei, Wang Lixia, Zhang Hui, Cheng Jun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 846-854.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250032 Abstract （344）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （919KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the screening workload and yield for different community-based active case-finding (ACF) strategies for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Data from three consecutive years (2013—2015) of active TB screening among individuals aged ≥65 years were re-analyzed. The screening, implemented by the China CDC across 27 townships/communities in 10 counties/districts spanning eastern, central, and western China, collected data on risk factors, presumptive TB symptoms, and chest radiography (CXR). Eight ACF strategies for the elderly were simulated: symptom screening (Strategies 1-3), high-risk group screening (Strategies 4-7), and universal screening (Strategy 8). Analyses focused on screening participation, TB screening outcomes, detection of individuals with presumptive TB symptoms, screening workload, and case detection yield for each strategy. Results: From 2013 to 2015, the eligible elderly populations (≥65 years) were 38888, 40909, and 43006 individuals, respectively. The numbers undergoing symptom screening were 37989 (97.69%), 37219 (90.98%), and 37771 (87.83%), and those receiving CXR were 33717 (86.70%), 33686 (82.34%), and 33268 (77.36%), showing a significant declining trend year-on-year (Z=-51.651 and -34.802, respectively; P<0.001 for both). During the 2013 initial symptom screening, Strategy 3 (using the WHO-recommended 4-symptom screen) identified significantly more individuals with presumptive TB symptoms (3.75%, 1424/37989) compared to Strategy 1 (national guideline symptoms: 1.92%, 731/37989) and Strategy 2 (study-defined symptoms: 2.10%, 798/37989), and detected 5 more active TB cases than Strategy 1. Strategies 1, 2, and 3 required CXR for 1.79% (696/38888), 1.96% (762/38888), and 3.39% (1317/38888) of the elderly, respectively. These strategies detected 25.00% (14/56), 26.79% (15/56), and 28.57% (16/56) of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases, and 18.39% (32/174), 18.97% (33/174), and 21.26% (37/174) of active TB cases. The number needed to screen (NNS) to detect one bacteriologically confirmed TB case was 50, 51, and 83, respectively, and to detect one active TB case was 22, 24, and 36, respectively. Compared to symptom screening, high-risk group strategies (4-7) required CXR for a larger proportion of participants, ranging from 9.07% (Strategy 4, 3527/38888) to 36.81% (Strategy 7, 14314/38888). The detection proportions for bacteriologically confirmed TB and active TB increased from Strategy 4 (37.50% (21/56); 30.46% (53/174)) to Strategy 7 (64.29% (36/56); 66.09% (115/174)). Correspondingly, the NNS increased from 168 and 67 (Strategy 4) to 398 and 125 (Strategy 7). Universal screening (Strategy 8) detected all cases (100.00%; 56/56 bacteriologically confirmed, 174/174 active TB). Screening efficiency in the second year for high-risk strategies was comparable to the first year, but declined significantly in the third year. Conclusion: Community-based ACF for pulmonary TB in the elderly should employ a more sensitive symptom definition to improve case detection. Incorporating high-risk factors enhances screening efficiency. Continuous ACF implementation should not exceed two consecutive rounds; strategies require timely evaluation and adjustment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trends and hotspots in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis research in China (1995—2023) Li Wei, Zhou Zhichao, Zheng Jie Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 785-791.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250112 Abstract （394）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （5094KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the evolving trends and research hotspots in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) studies in China between 1995 and 2023. Methods: Based on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) taxonomy and relevant meta-analyses, a comprehensive set of search terms was established, including “multidrug-resistant tuberculosis”, “MDR-TB”, and “MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Literature was systematically retrieved from three major Chinese databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and the Chinese Medical Journal Network. The search was restricted to journal articles published in Chinese between 1949 and 2023. A total of 2364 relevant publications from 1995 to 2023 were included in the final analysis. Using CiteSpace software, we constructed a scientific knowledge map to examine the structure and evolution of MDR-TB research in China. Analyses were performed across multiple dimensions, including publication trends, journal sources, institutional affiliations, leading authors, collaboration networks, and keyword co-occurrence, to identify the core research themes and emerging hotspots in the field. Results: Between 1995 and 2023, the annual number of Chinese-language publications on MDR-TB demonstrated a significant upward trend (r=0.818, P<0.01), peaking in 2016 and subsequently reaching a plateau. The 2364 included articles were disseminated across 356 journals, of which 20 journals published 20 or more articles. The Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis accounted for the highest number of publications (n=374), followed by the Journal of Clinical Pulmonary Medicine (n=180). In total, 294 institutions contributed to the body of MDR-TB literature, with the Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, emerging as the leading contributor (n=106). A total of 5623 authors contributed to the body of literature, with the top 20 authors each publishing more than 17 articles. Collaboration analysis revealed a co-authorship network comprising 748 nodes and 1399 links, with a network density of 0.005-substantially lower than the benchmark level of 0.1, indicating relatively weak research collaboration. Keyword co-occurrence analysis identified 409 unique keywords connected by 1316 links, yielding a network density of 0.0158. In the clustering time line graph, the Q value was 0.6256, the S value was 0.864, and the cluster labels were: isoniazid, immune function, tuberculosis, combination, tuberculosis, drug resistance, tuberculosis, drug resistance, social support, drug sensitivity test, children. Conclusion: Between 1995 and 2023, research output on MDR-TB in Chinese core journals exhibited a steady upward trajectory. The majority of publications originated from medical and public health institutions, particularly those focused on clinical care and disease prevention. The research focus has shifted from evaluating the therapeutic effects of multiple drugs to interdisciplinary integrated studies such as epidemiology, drug sensitivity testing, and policy research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 808-810.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20240597 Abstract （248）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （2832KB）（284）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the rational use of rifamycins in the treatment of tuberculosis with comorbidities National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease/Shenzhen Third People's Hospital , Tuberculosis and Diabetes Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association , Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (11): 1391-1415.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250254 Abstract （336）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1617KB）（284）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis frequently coexists with multiple chronic diseases, necessitating combination pharmacotherapy. Rifamycin-class anti-tuberculosis agents exhibit clinically significant interactions with many drugs used to treat comorbidities, potentially reducing their efficacy, causing treatment failure, or increasing toxicity. However, evidence-based clinical guidance on these interactions is currently lacking. To improve clinicians’ understanding of the interactions between rifamycins and medications for comorbid conditions and to support their rational use, this consensus statement was developed. It was based on a systematic review of domestic and international literature, drug-label information, and appraisal of the best available evidence, and was finalized after three rounds of focused discussion and revision. The document covers an overview of rifamycins agents, their mechanisms of drug-drug interaction, guiding principles for clinical application, and a comprehensive summary of evidence on interactions with commonly prescribed comorbidity medications, together with practical dose-adjustment recommendations. The aim is to provide safe and effective rifamycin-based therapeutic regimens for tuberculosis patients with comorbidities and to offer an actionable reference for clinical practice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of a nursing intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model combined with the Health Belief Model in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Peng Hua, Cui Junwei, Shang Qiubai, Li Siqing, Peng Ruiqin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 727-731.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250037 Abstract （328）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （731KB）（282）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) integrated with the Health Belief Model (HBM) in patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: This retrospective study included 146 patients diagnosed with both PTB and COPD who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University between April 1, 2021, and March 31, 2023. Of these, 73 patients admitted from April 2021 to March 2022 received routine nursing care (control group), while the remaining 73 patients admitted from April 2022 to March 2023 received a nursing intervention based on the integrated TTM-HBM model (intervention group). Outcomes were assessed three months after discharge, including pulmonary function parameters, self-management ability, medication adherence, and quality of life. Results: At the three-month post-discharge follow-up, patients in the intervention group exhibited significantly greater improvements across all outcome measures compared with those in the control group. Pulmonary function parameters were markedly better in the intervention group, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1: (1.99±0.19) L vs. (1.67±0.15) L; t=-11.186, P<0.01), forced vital capacity (FVC: (2.81±0.21) L vs. (2.56±0.18) L; t=-7.792, P<0.01), and the FEV1/FVC ratio (0.71±0.04 vs. 0.65±0.03; t=-9.311, P<0.01). Similarly, the intervention group scored significantly higher in self-management ability (6.03±1.22 vs. 4.56±1.35; t=-6.858, P<0.01), medication adherence (6.99±0.87 vs. 5.29±1.11; t=-10.188, P<0.01), and quality of life (73.68±10.99 vs. 66.08±8.66; t=-4.639, P<0.01). Conclusion: A nursing intervention grounded in the integrated TTM and HBM yields significant clinical benefits for patients with PTB and coexisting COPD. This approach not only enhances pulmonary function but also improves patients’ self-management abilities and medication adherence, ultimately contributing to sustained improvements in quality of life. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on therapy and drug monitoring clinical application of anti-tuberculosis drug (updated in 2025) Pharmaceutical Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2026, 48 (2): 167-187.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250435 Abstract （269）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （1985KB）（280）       Knowledge map    Save Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a method to develop individualized dosing regimens for patients based on the measurement of drug exposure pharmacological biomarkers, or efficacy indicators in the body, using quantitative pharmacological models and taking the drug treatment window as the benchmark. Its core is individualized drug therapy. In order to further guide and standardize the TDM work of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Chinese medical institutions, ensuring scientific rigor, ethical practice, and standardized procedures for maximal patient benefit, Pharmaceutical Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, in conjunction with Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute systematically updated the indications, monitoring methods, dose adjustment, and application in special populations of TDM on the basis of the 2021 Expert consensus on clinical application of therapeutic drug monitoring for anti-tuberculosis drugs. This consensus is registered on the international practice guidelines platform, and the formulation process follows the principles of methodology. Drawing on the collaborative expertise of tuberculosis pharmaceutical and clinical experts, along with the latest evidence-based research and practical experience, this consensus will provide scientific and feasible guidance for the clinical implementation of TDM. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the factors influencing adherence and treatment outcomes among pulmonary tuberculosis patients with comorbidities in China from 2010 to 2023 Yan Tianxin, Ma Wenbin, Wang Jia, Li Tao, Zhang Hui, Zhao Yanlin, Qu Yan, Luo Xiaofeng Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (10): 1268-1278.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250237 Abstract （259）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （850KB）（279）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyse the treatment adherence, treatment outcomes, and associated influencing factors among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with comorbidities in China from 2010 to 2023 and provide a scientific basis for improving treatment effectiveness in these patients. Methods: Using a retrospective research method, medical records of PTB patients with single comorbidity registered between 2010 and 2023 was extracted from “China Tuberculosis Information Management System” subsystem of the “China Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System”. The study excluded patients with duplicate registrations, incomplete treatment records, mycobacterial species identification indicating non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infections, and drug-resistant PTB cases other than rifampin resistance. Finally, a cohort of 339411 PTB patients with comorbidities was obtained. The incidence rates of non-adherence and unfavorable treatment outcomes were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to identify factors associated with treatment adherence and treatment outcomes. Results: The incidence rate of irregular medication adherence among PTB patients with comorbidities was 4.26% (14463/339411), while the incidence rate of unfavorable treatment outcomes was 9.86% (33456/339411). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that male gender, occupations in commercial and other services, and other unspecified categories, passive healthcare-seeking behavior, co-infection with HIV/AIDS or other comorbidities, re-treatment status, bacteriologically positive results, self-medication practices, and the diagnosis of drug-resistant PTB were all independent risk factors influencing treatment non-adherence (odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.153 (1.107-1.201), 1.269 (1.102-1.455), 1.135 (1.086-1.186), 1.214 (1.166-1.265), 1.568 (1.419-1.730), 1.173 (1.130-1.217), 1.261 (1.198-1.327), 1.138 (1.096-1.181), 1.440 (1.390-1.492), and 4.100 (3.811-4.409), respectively). Additionally, male gender, passive healthcare-seeking behavior, re-treatment status, positive etiological detection, self-medication, non-use of fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, a diagnosis of drug-resistant PTB, and low treatment adherence were identified as independent risk factors for unfavorable treatment outcomes (OR (95%CI): 1.264 (1.224-1.306), 1.076 (1.043-1.111), 1.128 (1.083-1.173), 1.585 (1.531-1.642), 1.057 (1.027-1.088), 1.046 (1.017-1.075), 23.811 (22.341-25.385), and 28.468 (27.329-29.659), respectively). Conclusion: The treatment adherence and treatment outcomes of patients with PTB complicated by other diseases in China are influenced by the co-existing related diseases, targeted measures should be developed by integrating an analysis of population characteristics and the types of comorbidities that influence treatment adherence and outcomes among PTB patients with comorbid conditions. Efforts should be strengthened to actively detect cases of male and public service personnel, and enhance precise treatment management for re-treated, bacteriologically positive patients, and individuals with drug resistant comorbidities. To encourage patients to complete their full course of treatment, such that it reduces unfavorable treatment outcomes and improve overall treatment efficacy and rehabilitation levels, convenient and intelligent medication management tools should be promoted. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevalence and influencing factors of latent tuberculosis infection among elderly residents in nursing homes in Qingdao Yan Yueming, Chen Meng, Li Xuekui, Wang Zhongdong, Sun Haiyan, Dai Xiaoqi, Song Song, Xu Honghong, Zhang Menghan, Wang Zhi, Lyu Kunzheng Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (9): 1148-1153.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250140 Abstract （241）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （928KB）（261）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To assess the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among elderly residents of nursing homes in Qingdao, identify factors associated with LTBI, and propose targeted strategies for the prevention and control of tuberculosis in institutional settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2024 in Qingdao, China. One central urban district and one suburban district were selected using simple random sampling. Based on institutional size and willingness to participate, seven nursing homes were included. Elderly residents were screened for LTBI using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) and chest radiography. Demographic data of the participants and operational characteristics of the nursing homes were also collected. Results: Among 425 elderly residents surveyed, the prevalence of LTBI was 26.59% (113/425). Univariate analysis revealed a significantly higher LTBI prevalence among males (30.53%, 80/262) compared to females (20.25%, 33/163; χ2=5.450, P=0.020). The highest infection rate was observed in the 70-79-year age group (35.29%, 42/119), and the likelihood of LTBI increased with age (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.00-1.04). Residents of suburban nursing homes exhibited a significantly higher LTBI prevalence (31.34%, 63/201) than those in urban facilities (22.32%, 50/224; χ2=4.418, P=0.036). Similarly, individuals living in nursing homes where tuberculosis cases had been reported within the past decade showed a higher LTBI prevalence (31.34%, 63/201) than those in institutions without such history (22.32%, 50/224; χ2=4.418, P=0.036); the prevalence of LTBI among elderly individuals receiving only life care services was 31.34% (63/201), significantly higher than that among those receiving both life care and medical care (22.32%, 50/224; χ2=4.418, P=0.036). Residents in facilities with a caregiver-to-resident ratio of 6-7 had a significantly lower LTBI prevalence (17.97%, 23/128) compared to those in institutions with a ratio of ≥8 (31.32%, 63/201; χ2=7.317, P=0.026). Multivariate logistic regression analysis further indicated that a caregiver-to-resident ratio of 6-7 was independently associated with a reduced risk of LTBI (OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.30-0.85). Conclusion: The prevalence of LTBI among elderly nursing home residents in Qingdao is notably high. A higher caregiver-to-resident ratio was identified as an independent risk factor for LTBI. Strengthening human resource allocation and optimizing staff-to-resident ratios in nursing homes may play a critical role in reducing tuberculosis transmission and improving infection control in institutional care settings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 13 patients with severe pulmonary tuberculosis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome Huang Weiqiang, Liu Xudong, Wang Lili, Chen Xingxing, Shang Huihui, Xu Ya, Hu Ming Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (8): 1014-1022.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250083 Abstract （222）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1518KB）（258）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with severe pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and to provide evidence to inform clinical decision-making in this high-risk population. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted, enrolling 13 patients with severe PTB-associated ARDS who received ECMO support in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital between October 2020 and October 2024. Clinical data were systematically collected, including demographic information, comorbidities, disease severity scores, radiological and microbiological findings, as well as treatment-related variables such as anti-TB regimens, respiratory support strategies, ECMO configurations, use of prone positioning, and corticosteroid administration. Outcomes assessed included survival rates, durations of ECMO support, mechanical ventilation, and ICU stay, along with ECMO-related complications. Results: Of the 13 patients included in the study, 11 (84.6%) were male, with a median age of 51 years and a median disease duration of 40 days. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score was 25.23±7.11, and the median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 7 (interquartile range (IQR): 4, 10). During ECMO support, 12 patients (92.3%) developed secondary infections with other pathogens. Six patients were newly diagnosed with PTB and had not received anti-TB treatment prior to admission. Positive diagnostic results were observed in 10 patients (76.9%) via metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) or GeneXpert MTB/RIF, in 12 (92.3%) via TB-DNA testing, and in 8 (61.5%) via acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear. Infiltrative PTB was identified in 8 patients (61.5%). Prone position ventilation was applied in 7 patients (53.8%) before ECMO initiation and in 6 patients (46.2%) during ECMO therapy. Venovenous ECMO (VV-ECMO) was employed in 10 patients (76.9%), venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) in 2 patients (15.4%), and 1 patient (7.7%) underwent conversion from VV-ECMO to VA-ECMO. ECMO-related complications occurred in 6 patients (46.2%), with gastrointestinal bleeding reported in 5 cases. The duration of ECMO support ranged from 1 to 88 days. The median durations (IQR) were: 13 (9, 31) days for ECMO, 27 (16, 47) days for mechanical ventilation, and 32 (23, 57) days for ICU stay. Six patients (46.2%) showed clinical improvement and were discharged. The post-discharge survival rates at 28 and 60 days were 46.2% (6/13) and 30.8% (4/13), respectively. Conclusion: ECMO may improve survival in patients with severe PTB-associated ARDS and appears to offer a reasonable balance of efficacy and safety. However, careful patient selection and comprehensive assessment of disease severity are essential before ECMO initiation, with a thorough evaluation of potential benefits and risks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Contribution analysis of three diagnostic methods in the etiological detection of pulmonary tuberculosis patients Zhao Yanfeng, Tu Xia, Wang Nenhan, Chen Shuangshuang, Tian Lili, Fan Ruifang, Yu Lan, Li Jie, Li Chuanyou, Dai Xiaowei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 701-707.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250005 Abstract （442）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （758KB）（255）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the positive detection rates, positive detection contribution rates and their changes of three etiological testing methods on detecting pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) from 2019 to 2023, in order to provide a basis for further improving etiologically positive rate of PTB patients and optimizing the configuration strategy of PTB testing methods. Methods: Data of active PTB patients registered and managed by the Tuberculosis Department of Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control from 2019/01/01 to 2023/12/31 was extracted from the Tuberculosis Information Management System, a subsystem of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and then combined with information of tuberculosis laboratory test results such as acid-fast staining of Mycobacterium tuberculosis smear (referred to as sputum smear), Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation and culture (including solid acidic Lowenstein-Jensen culture method or BACTECTMMGIT 960 liquid culture method, referred to as sputum culture), and GeneXpert MTB/RIF test, to calculate detection rates, positive rates of these three etiological detection methods, and analyze their positive detection contribution rates. The positive rates and contribution rates of sputum culture and molecular biological methods on detecting PTB among smear-negative patients were also calculated and analyzed. Results: A total of 1043 patients were registered for management at the Tuberculosis Department of Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control from 2019 to 2023. Coverage rate of testing by sputum smear, culture or molecular testing was 99.1% (1034/1043). The overall etiologically positive rate was 56.0% (579/1034). The overall positive rates of sputum smear, sputum culture and molecular detection were 29.3% (302/1032), 41.9% (402/959) and 43.5% (428/985), respectively, with statistically significant difference (χ2=52.088, P<0.001). The positive rate of sputum smear showed a statistically significant downward trend from 2019 to 2022 ({\chi }_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=12.802, P<0.001). In patients tested by all three methods, the positive rates of sputum smear, sputum culture and molecular detection were 29.2% (268/919), 42.5% (391/919) and 44.0% (404/919), respectively, which was statistically significantly different (χ2=51.740, P<0.001). The positive detection contribution rates of the three methods were 50.4% (268/532), 73.5% (391/532), 75.9% (404/532), respectively, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=95.195, P<0.001). Among them, the positive rate and positive contribution rate of sputum smear showed a downward trend from 2019 to 2022, and the differences were statistically significant ({\chi }_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=14.426, P<0.001, {\chi }_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=15.020, P<0.001). From 2019 to 2023, there was no significant difference in the total positive detection rates and positive detection contribution rates between sputum culture and molecular biological detection among smear negative patients (χ2=0.098,P=0.755,χ2=0.212, P=0.645). From 2019 to 2023, among all 532 etiologically positive patients who had undertaken all three detection methods, the rates of only being detected positive by sputum smear, culture and molecular biological test were 3.2% (17/532), 16.2% (86/532) and 17.1% (91/532), respectively, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=60.216, P<0.001). Conclusion: Compared with traditional detection methods, molecular biological detection technology has higher positive detection rate and positive contribution rate. It is suggested to further promote molecular biological detection technology to help improving the overall efficiency of tuberculosis diagnosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on immunization strategies for tuberculosis vaccines Yu Huimin, Zheng Hui, Liu Eryong, Huang Fei, Wu Dan, Yin Zundong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (7): 930-939.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250008 Abstract （403）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （908KB）（254）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical global public health threat. While Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination provides substantial protection against severe TB in children, it offers limited efficacy in high-risk populations such as adolescents and adults, and fails to significantly reduce the overall global TB burden. This review highlights two primary domains in TB vaccine immunization strategies: optimization of BCG-based approaches—including vaccination route modifications and revaccination—and the development of next-generation vaccines, encompassing BCG replacement, BCG booster, and therapeutic candidates. It synthesizes recent global progress in TB vaccine research, critically evaluates the distinct features and limitations of each strategy, and offers evidence-based perspectives to support future TB prevention and control efforts. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (S2): 212-214.   Abstract （37）      PDF（pc） （908KB）（254）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of inter-provincial migrant tuberculosis patients from 2018 to 2022 Li Yuhong, Mei Jinzhou, Li Xue, Zhang Hui, Liu Xiaoqiu, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (6): 760-768.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250062 Abstract （337）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （1715KB）（252）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the characteristics of tuberculosis patients with interprovincial mobility in China (excluding Taiwan Province and Hongkong and Macao special administrative regions) from 2018 to 2022, so as to improve the prevention, control strategies and management measures for the patients across regions. Methods: The transfer-in and transfer-out records and medical record information of tuberculosis patients from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, were extracted from the “Surveillance Report Management” module of the “China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention”. Descriptive analyses were conducted on demographic characteristics, patient flow patterns, and treatment management features. Results: From 2018 to 2022, a total of 7547 tuberculosis patients with cross-provincial mobility were registered nationwide, accounting for 0.23% (7547/3261391) of the registered tuberculosis patients. The male-to-female ratio was 2.12∶1 (5130∶2417). The middle-aged group aged 25-59 years accounted for the largest proportion (63.91%, 4823/7547), those with the occupation of farmers, herdsmen and fishermen accounted for 36.28% (2738/7547), and those from the eastern region accounted for 49.83% (3761/7547). Patients transferred out from six provinces, namely Guangdong, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Hunan, accounted for 61.47% (4639/7547) of the total cross-provincial transferred patients. Patients transferred out from Guangdong (1844 cases) and Zhejiang (930 cases) in the eastern provinces mainly flowed into Hunan (20.66%, 381/1844) and Guizhou (36.34%, 338/930), respectively; patients transferred out from Hunan (377 cases) in the central province mainly flowed into Guangdong (54.91%, 207/377); and patients transferred out from Guangxi (501 cases), Sichuan (418 cases), and Guizhou (569 cases) in the western provinces (autonomous region) mainly flowed into Guangdong (49.50%, 248/501), Guangdong (35.17%, 147/418), and Zhejiang (43.41%, 247/569), respectively. The arrival rate of tuberculosis patients with cross-provincial mobility was 84.17% (6352/7547). The non-arrival rate of retreatment patients (22.02%, 72/327) was higher than that of newly treated patients (15.55%, 1123/7220)(χ2=9.809, P=0.002). The non-arrival rate was higher in patients treated for <30 days (17.23%, 454/2635) compared those treated for ≥ 30 days (15.09%, 741/4912)(χ2=5.916, P=0.015). The duration from transfer to arrival of 26.78% (1701/6352) of the patients exceeded 14 days. Conclusion: The interprovincial mobility of tuberculosis patients in China primarily occurs in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan. Active screening of migrant workers from high tuberculosis burden areas should be strengthened, and a collaborative mechanism for patient management in high mobility provinces should be established to ensure continuous care for mobile patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of reported incidence trends of pulmonary tuberculosis in Shanghai, China, 2009—2023, using a Joinpoint regression model Ding Yuanlu, Xiao Wenjing, Tao Fangfang, Feng Wei, Wang Ye, Rao Lixin, Shen Xin, Chen Jian, Chen Jing Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2025, 47 (10): 1289-1299.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20250123 Abstract （268）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （936KB）（249）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and reported incidence trends of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Shanghai from 2009 to 2023 using a Joinpoint regression model, and to provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of TB control measures and optimizing strategies. Methods: Data on PTB cases in Shanghai from 2009 to 2023—including reported incidence counts, population classification, household registration status, etiological classification, and occupational classification—were obtained from the “Communicable Disease Reporting Information Management System”, a subsystem of the “China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention”. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze characteristics of reported PTB incidence, and the Joinpoint regression model, annual percent change (APC), and average annual percent change (AAPC) were applied to evaluate temporal changes in PTB incidence. Results: From 2009 to 2023, the average annual reported PTB incidence rate in Shanghai was 26.49 per 100000 (93342/352.363 million), decreasing from 35.72 per 100000 (6745/18.885 million) in 2009 to 18.35 per 100000 (4541/24.746 million) in 2023, with an average annual percentage decline of 4.65% and an overall downward trend (AAPC=-5.429%, t=-2.790, P=0.005). The average annual etiological positivity rate was 48.56% (43242/89050), declining from 45.30% (3007/6638) in 2009 to 37.07% (2360/6367) in 2016, then increasing to 71.46% (3024/6232) in 2023, showing an overall upward trend (AAPC=3.033%, t=2.941, P=0.003). The decline in incidence among the non-registered resident population (AAPC=-10.503%) was faster than that among registered residents (AAPC=-3.350%), and since 2022, the incidence rate among non-registered residents had been lower than that of registered residents. The incidence rate in males (34.91 per 100000 (63283/181288000)) was significantly higher than in females (17.57 per 100000 (30059/171075000)), but the rate of decline (AAPC=-6.041%) was faster than that in females (AAPC=-4.312%). Among the elderly population (≥60 years), the incidence rate showed an overall declining trend, with AAPCs of -3.198% in the 60-74 year group and -7.996% in the ≥75-year group, but remained higher than that of other age groups. The proportions of retirees and unemployed individuals increased from 14.89% (1004/6745) and 13.49% (910/6745) in 2009 to 39.40% (1789/4541) and 29.29% (1330/4541) in 2023, respectively, both showing significant upward trends ( {\chi }_{trend}^2=3064.851 and 4504.868, both P<0.001). Conclusion: Significant progress has been achieved in TB prevention and control in Shanghai, as evidenced by a sustained decline in the reported incidence rate and a gradual improvement in the bacteriological positivity rate. Although the overall incidence among non-registered residents, males, the elderly, and individuals without employment has shown a downward trend, the incidence in these groups remains relatively high. It is recommended to continue strengthening the management of infectious sources and proactive screening of high-risk populations, and to integrate information technologies with precise intervention strategies to advance progress toward the goal of “End-TB”. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics