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Diagnostic value of a nanopore sequencing assay of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis Yan Xiaojing, Wang Qingfeng, Yang Yang, Chu Naihui, Nie Wenjuan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (5): 487-492.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230036 Abstract （375）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （758KB）（4601）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a nanopore sequencing assay for testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Methods: Fifty cases with suspected PTB from Beijing Chest Hospital from November 2021 to April 2022 were collected. These cases were diagnosed based on results of MGIT 960 culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing and nanopore sequencing of BALF samples collected during hospitalization. Taking the final clinical diagnosis as the reference standard, diagnostic accuracies of the three assays were compared. Results: Among the 50 cases analysed in this study, 22 (44.0%) were diagnosed as tuberculosis, 10 (20.0%) non-tuberculous mycobacteria and 18 (36.0%) bacterial pneumonia. Taking the clinic diagnosis as the reference standard, the sensitivity of nanopore sequencing assay technology, MGIT 960 culture and Xpert assay were 72.7% (16/22), 27.3% (6/22) and 31.8% (7/22), respectively, the specificity were 78.6% (22/28), 75.0% (21/28) and 96.4% (27/28), respectively, the accuracy were 76.0% (38/50), 54.0% (27/50) and 68.0% (34/50), respectively, and the Yoden index was 0.51, 0.02 and 0.28, respectively. Conclusion: Nanopore sequencing assay of BALF samples may have better diagnostic performance than Xpert and MGIT 960 cultures, and may improve the positive detection rate of BALF in suspected PTB patients. But this method cannot exclude pulmonary tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 714-717.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230144 Abstract （303）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （1576KB）（1595）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese expert consensus on the all-oral treatment of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (2021 Edition) Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (9): 859-866.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.09.002 Abstract （2104）   HTML （111）    PDF（pc） （1114KB）（1499）       Knowledge map    Save In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the all-oral treatment for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Analysis showed that the success rate of all-oral treatment is higher than that of the treatment regimen containing injection. Although WHO guidelines recommend all-oral treatment regimen for different drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients, some drugs or dosages are not suitable for Chinese patients. There is no consensus on all-oral treatment for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients in China. In order to formulate all-oral treatment for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in China, the Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis jointly organized experts to write the “Chinese expert consensus on the all-oral treatment of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (2021 Edition)” (referred to as “Consensus”). Based on the research progress of all-oral treatment for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis at home and abroad in recent years, this consensus recommends suitable all-oral treatment for patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in China, including the types and dosages of drugs used, and the types of patients and their applications and exclusion criteria. In addition, the relevant questions that may be encountered in the treatment are answered, and the precautions for the use of the plan are also emphasized, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tuberculosis research and innovation: Interpretation of the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2021 SHU Wei, SUN Yu-xian, ZHANG Li-jie, XIE Shi-heng, GAO Jing-tao, LIU Yu-hong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (1): 45-48.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210685 Abstract （2626）   HTML （130）    PDF（pc） （1294KB）（1426）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis research and innovation is one of the three pillars to achieve the targets of End TB Strategy set by World Health Organization (WHO). On October 14, 2021, WHO released the Global tuberculosis report 2021, updating the newest progress of global tuberculosis research and innovation. This paper reviews the key achievements in the areas of research and innovation for new diagnostic, new drugs and new vaccines introduced in the global report, and discuss with consideration of China’s situation in related areas. The aim of this paper is to facilitate the better understanding to global research feature and development trend, and to provide reference for further China original scientific research and innovation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on detection and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in high-risk population Chinese Antituberculosis Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (9): 874-878.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.09.004 Abstract （1615）   HTML （123）    PDF（pc） （1134KB）（1253）       Knowledge map    Save Active discovery and preventive treatment is the core measure of tuberculosis control of the global strategy for ending tuberculosis epidemic. China is one of the countries with high burden of tuberculosis in the world. For the goal of ending tuberculosis in the world, strengthening the active discovery of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), screening the close contacts of tuberculosis patients, and preventive treatment for the newly infected and immunocompromised LTBI populations are important measures to reduce the incidence of LTBI. However, there are still many doubts and disputes about the applicable objects, regimes and effect of preventive treatment now. New diagnostic techniques and preventive treatment methods are constantly studied and applied. In view of this, experts from Chinese Antituberculosis Association have compiled the Expert consensus on detection and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in high-risk population, and reviewed the principle and detection of LTBI, and objects of prevention treatment, diagnostic methods, chemical prevention and immunization prevention, to provide reference for Chinese tuberculosis control workers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis)/Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital , Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (12): 1226-1238.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.12.002 Abstract （1260）   HTML （93）    PDF（pc） （1232KB）（1049）       Knowledge map    Save Retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis is an important part of the national tuberculosis control plan, and it is also a difficult point of tuberculosis control in China. The situation of patients with retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis is complex, and the previous treatment regimen is now outdated, and the classification and diagnosis of retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis should be reassessed. Therefore, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis organized domestic experts to repeatedly discuss the classification, diagnosis and treatment of retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis and then formed the “Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis” to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis in China and improve the treatment effect. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the rational use of glucocorticoids in tuberculosis treatment Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment /Institute for Tuberculosis Research/Department of Tuberculosis of the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (1): 28-37.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210683 Abstract （1373）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （1399KB）（852）       Knowledge map    Save Glucocorticoids have pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-bacterial endotoxin and immunosuppression, and can reduce immune damage caused by an allergic reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Glucocorticoids can quickly control the disease, but also can lead to adverse reactions such as dysbacteriosis, peptic ulcer, osteoporosis, and so on. There is still unreasonable use of glucocorticoids in the adjuvant treatment of tuberculosis in the clinic. Therefore, it is urgent to standardize the application of glucocorticoids in the treatment of tuberculosis.This consensus briefly introduces the advantages and basic principles of glucocorticoid therapy for tuberculosis, provides a recommendation of glucocorticoids used in the adjuvant treatment of tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous pericarditis, tuberculous pleuritis, tuberculous peritonitis, acute disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, and caseous pneumonia under the strong and effective anti-tuberculosis treatment when necessary, and forwards the precautions, adverse reactions, and solution for the application of glucocorticoids. It is emphasized that more strict indications, the balance of advantages and disadvantages, rational use of glucocorticoids in the adjuvant treatment of tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the new definition of extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis defined by World Health Organization LI Ren-zhong, RUAN Yun-zhou, LI Yu-hong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (6): 539-541.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.06.003 Abstract （1147）   HTML （93）    PDF（pc） （1030KB）（838）       Knowledge map    Save The definition of extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) first proposed by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 has played an important role in guiding the prevention and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. With the development of new diagnostic technologies and new drugs, WHO updated the original definition of XDR-TB in January 2021. In this paper, the background, history, reasons and general principles of the new definition of XDR-TB were interpreted, and the impact and significance of the new definition for the tuberculosis control in the future were summarized, in order to provide reference for tuberculosis control workers in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 Edition) Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment/Institute for Tuberculosis Research of the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis , Basic and Clinical Speciality Committees of Tuberculosis Control Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (1): 9-27.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210680 Abstract （1098）   HTML （84）    PDF（pc） （2035KB）（826）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis is not only a bacterial infectious disease but also an immune disease. The occurrence, development, and prognosis of tuberculosis are closely related to the anti-tuberculosis immunity of the patients. Patients with active tuberculosis usually have abnormalities in the function of innate immune and adaptive immune. Detecting the number of immune cells and immune function can evaluate the immune status of active tuberculosis patients, to provide evidence for clinical immune intervention. The immune intervention using immune agents can enhance immunity function, improve the cure rate and shorten the course of treatment, eliminate the persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and reduce the recurrence rate. Although the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis is widely used in the clinic, the mechanisms of anti-tuberculosis immunity and immune abnormality and their role in tuberculosis are not well understood and lack in-depth research. There is no consensus on the indication of immune function evaluation, the application of the evaluation index, and their clinical significance in active tuberculosis patients. In addition, the application of immune agents is limited by the policy, and there is also no consensus on immune intervention or not, the indication of immunotherapy and selection of immune agents for active tuberculosis patients. Therefore, the experts were organized to draw up “Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 Edition)” by the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Basic and Clinical Speciality Committees of Tuberculosis Control Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care. This expert consensus outlines the mechanism of anti-tuberculosis immunity and immune abnormality in tuberculosis patients; introduces the immunological detection methods commonly used in tuberculosis clinic practice; puts forward the indications, methods, and strategies for evaluating the immune status of active tuberculosis patients; systematically introduces the clinical immunotherapy preparations available in clinic practice, and puts forward the indications and contraindications of immunotherapy for active tuberculosis patients, to help clinicians timely and reasonably carry out the immunotherapy in the patients with active tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the estimation of the national burden on latent tuberculosis infection Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Union Medical Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (1): 4-8.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210662 Abstract （1128）   HTML （92）    PDF（pc） （1373KB）（823）       Knowledge map    Save Preventive treatment for high-risk population with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an effective tool to reduce the incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB), and also an important strategy for achieving the global goals of the End TB Strategy. As a high burden country of TB, how to achieve the goal of rapid decline in TB incidence by carrying out LTBI treatment is worth exploring in China. First of all, accurately mastering the burden and epidemic characteristics of LTBI in China is the premise to discuss the feasibility and scientific of the strategy. In the absence of nationwide epidemiological investigation of LTBI, the LTBI burden in China was estimated by small sample spatial statistical model based on the epidemiological LTBI survey data of interferon-gamma release assay and the nationwide incidence of reported TB. The results showed, in 2013, the prevalence of LTBI in people aged 5 years old and above was 18.1% (95%CI: 13.7%-22.4%) and in people aged 15 years old and above was 20.3% (95%CI: 15.6%-25.1%), respectively. The LTBI prevalence showed a trend of increasing with age and it was significantly higher in men than that in women at the same age group. Experts in the field have extensively demonstrated the results and formed the Expert consensus on the estimation of the national burden on latent tuberculosis infection as reference for improving Chinese TB control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatic diseases National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease/The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (9): 869-879.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220225 Abstract （912）   HTML （61）    PDF（pc） （1599KB）（796）       Knowledge map    Save Rheumatic diseases are autoimmune diseases that occur when an individual’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, and are often treated with glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, biological agents, and small-molecule targeted drugs, etc., which can lead to an increased risk of other autoimmune dysfunctions in patients and the activation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Therefore, LTBI screening in clinical is essential for patients with rheumatic diseases who meet the screening criteria. This requires greater collaboration and awareness between rheumatologists and tuberculosis physicians, to conduct scientific assessment for patients with rheumatic diseases who need LTBI screening, and to develop preventive treatment guidelines to prevent patients with rheumatic diseases from developing active tuberculosis after LTBI. Therefore, the National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease/The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases joint effort in the publication of an expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of LTBI in patients with rheumatic diseases. This consensus is based on the epidemiology, evidence-based medicine, and clinical research of rheumatic diseases complicated with LTBI, and has been discussed for many times and reached consensus. It can serve as a reference. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 3: diagnosis: tests for tuberculosis infection Xin Henan, Gao Lei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 639-643.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230128 Abstract （642）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （954KB）（766）       Knowledge map    Save On September 30, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 3: diagnosis: tests for tuberculosis infection. The medical evidence-based guideline systematically evaluated the performance of different tests and recommended using of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-based skin tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection for the first time. The author now introduces the development of the new guideline and interprets the three key recommendations hoping to provide evidence-based reference for tuberculosis infection test and control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guideline for clinical management of adverse reactions of bacillus Calmette-Guérin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (6): 532-538.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.06.002 Abstract （950）   HTML （55）    PDF（pc） （1107KB）（724）       Knowledge map    Save Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis, and is one of the most widely used and safest vaccines in the world. The prevalence and mortality of miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis in children have significantly decreased since being vaccinated with BCG from 1978 in China. BCG is applicated in the prevention of tuberculosis, in addition, it is also commonly used in perfusion therapy for bladder carcinoma in situ. BCG instillation helps to reduce and delay the recurrence and progression of non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma, it is considered as the best intravesical instillation drug at present. However, due to the production process, the virulence of the vaccine, the methods of usage of the vaccine, individual differences and other factors, the adverse reactions after BCG vaccination and perfusion often occur. The clinical treatment of BCG adverse reactions has not been standardized by now. Therefore, the Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association, the School and Children Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association organized some experts to formulated the “Guideline for Clinical Treatment of BCG Adverse Reactions” after discussions. The guideline includes the types of BCG, the methods of usage, and clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, treatment and prevention of the adverse reactions of BCG vaccine, in order to standardize with the treatment for the adverse reactions of BCG. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Schools CHEN Hui, ZHANG Hui, CHENG Jun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (6): 542-545.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.06.004 Abstract （713）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （1099KB）（721）       Knowledge map    Save In order to guide the prevention and control of tuberculosis in schools and reduce the spread of tuberculosis in schools, the National Health Commission and the Ministry of Education organized experts to formulate and published “Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Schools”. Based on the practical experience and relevant technical strategies development in recent years, the prevention and control measures are further standardized and detailed in this guidelines, and the necessary forms and cards are attached, which is instructive and operational. The author describes the formulation background, main contents and characteristics of guidelines, to improve the relevant personnel’s ability of tuberculosis prevention and control in schools Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on ultrasound diagnosis, classification and interventional therapy of tuberculous pleurisy (2022 Edition) Ultrasound Professional Committee of Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Interventional Ultrasound Professional Committee of Interventional Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Danwei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (9): 880-897.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220257 Abstract （785）   HTML （62）    PDF（pc） （11822KB）（715）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculous pleurisy is pleural inflammation caused by delayed hypersensitivity response when Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades the pleural cavity. It is a kind of pulmonary tuberculosis, which is considered to be one of the main causes of exudative pleural effusion in clinic. Without timely and effective diagnosis or treatment, tuberculous pleurisy can lead to severe ventilatory dysfunction and pulmonary function damage. At present, chest ultrasound is the preferred imaging method for the diagnosis and evaluation of tuberculous pleurisy. One of the diagnostic criteria of tuberculous pleurisy is to obtain positive etiology or positive histopathology through ultrasound-guided pleural puncture biopsy. Classification and corresponding treatment of tuberculous pleurisy according to different ultrasound images can effectively improve the cure rate, reduce adverse complications and reduce the recurrence rate. Due to the differences in examination methods, diagnostic results and treatment between different hospitals and examiners, it is not conducive to the comprehensive management of patients with tuberculous pleurisy. Therefore, this consensus introduces ultrasound-guided pleural puncture biopsy, ultrasound classification of tuberculous pleurisy and clinical treatment of different types, aiming to provide precise, standardized and rational ultrasound diagnosis and treatment for tuberculous pleurisy patients at different stages. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, Module 4: treatment-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update Fu Liang, Ren Tantan, Zhang Peize, Lu Shuihua Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (4): 336-348.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220523 Abstract （909）   HTML （80）    PDF（pc） （1104KB）（707）       Knowledge map    Save World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, Module 4: treatment-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update on February 15, 2022. The author introduced the main points of the updated guidelines, including the recommendations on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (focusing on a new short-term plan), management, patient care, and treatment monitoring, and discussed the feasibility of the guidelines in clinical practice and future research directions in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on nutritional assessment and nutritional support treatment for patients with severe tuberculosis CHEN Zhi, LIANG Jian-qin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (5): 421-432.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220041 Abstract （701）   HTML （52）    PDF（pc） （1328KB）（706）       Knowledge map    Save There is a two-way relationship between tuberculosis and nutritional status, they are related to each other. Tuberculosis can lead to the occurrence of nutritional risk, and is easy to develop nutritional related diseases, such as lack of nutrition, low immune function, electrolyte imbalance and so on. And poor nutritional status can lead to lymphocytic reduction, low cellular immunity and susceptibility to tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Malnutrition is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis and mortality of adult patients with severe tuberculosis. However, the relevant guidance documents on nutritional assessment and nutritional support treatment for patients with severe tuberculosis is still lacking. Therefore, combined with the experience and methods of nutritional support therapy in China and the latest guidelines for enteral and parenteral nutrition in the United States and Europe, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital and the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis jointly organized experts to draw up Expert consensus on nutrition assessment and nutritional support treatment for patients with severe tuberculosis, in order to get standardized individual nutritional assessment and nutritional support treatment for patients with severe tuberculosis, and improve the prognosis and reduce mortality. This consensus expounds the importance of nutritional assessment and nutritional support treatment for patients with severe tuberculosis, the types of commonly used nutritional agents, and gives recommendations on the principles and standards of nutritional assessment and nutritional support treatment, the types and ways of giving nutrition, the types of severe tuberculosis, the complications and the nutritional support for special populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Brucella spondylitis The Joint Tuberculosis Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, The Western China Bone Tuberculosis Union, The North China Union of Bone Tuberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (6): 531-538.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220138 Abstract （842）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （1185KB）（699）       Knowledge map    Save Brucellosis spondylitis has been increasing in recent years, because of the low early diagnosis rate, there is often the possibility of misdiagnosis and mistreatment, resulting in the difficulty of later treatment and disability of patients. In order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment process of patients with Brucella spondylitis, help more specialist to get the treatment details of such disease, and have evidence in the treatment, the Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Brucella spondylitis was jointly formulated by the Joint Tuberculosis Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, the Western China Bone Tuberculosis Union, the North China Union of Bone Tuberculosis. This consensus starts from the epidemiological characteristics of Brucella spondylitis, deeply expounds and discusses its common clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and diagnostic criteria, therapeutic drugs, surgical treatment methods, prognosis and so on. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (9): 867-873.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.09.003 Abstract （1069）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （1165KB）（697）       Knowledge map    Save Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an individualized administration guided by determining the drug exposure, pharmacological markers or efficacy indicators in patients, by using quantitative pharmacological model and taking the drug treatment window as the benchmark. In the process of anti-tuberculosis treatment, there are many problems such as individual differences in drug concentration and various adverse effects, which may lead to treatment failure, drug resistance and recurrence. The use of anti-tuberculosis drugs TDM can optimize drug treatment, improve drug efficacy and reduce toxic and side effects. In order to promote the standardization of tuberculosis TDM in China, ensure the scientificity, ethics and legality of TDM, and maximize the benefits of patients, the Expert Consensus on the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs was composed. This consensus has been repeatedly discussed by experts in the fields of tuberculosis, including clinicians and pharmacologists. Based on the significance, indications, detection methods, implementation process and quality control of TDM, the experts generated the consensus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of regression discontinuity in public health Yu Shengnan, Gao Qi, Zheng Liang, Shi Yuan, Chen Yijin, Li Xiujun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 644-650.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230130 Abstract （284）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （2270KB）（666）       Knowledge map    Save Regression discontinuity (RD) is a kind of statistical method for making causal inferences based on counterfactuals composed of both sides of the cutoff. In recent years, the application of RD has gradually increased in public health, especially in the fields of factors influencing air quality and the effects of related policy interventions, as well as vaccine effectiveness. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19, RD has also been increasingly applied to investigate the impact of the epidemic on public health and individual behavior. The application conditions of RD are relatively simple, and RD can reduce the effect of confounding and reflect the causal relationship between variables more realistically. In this study, based on the introduction of the idea and application of RD, the current status of its application in public health is reviewed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evidence-based guidelines for active screening of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese communities Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Elderly Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (10): 987-997.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220321 Abstract （869）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （1257KB）（644）       Knowledge map    Save To achieve the goals of the End Tuberculosis Strategy, stronger measures are urgently needed to improve the detection and treatment of tuberculosis, and active screening is an important part of achieving the goals to ensure early diagnosis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis Control Branch and Elderly Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis organized experts to develop the Chinese guidelines for active screening of pulmonary tuberculosis in communities based on the evidence and recommendations of the latest World Health Organization guidelines in 2021. The guidelines also supplemented follow-up newly published literature and relevant literature and research evidence in China. The guidelines systematically summarized the characteristics of active screening techniques such as symptom screening, chest imaging and C-reactive protein, and proposed to conduct pulmonary tuberculosis active screening among close contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, former tuberculosis patients, HIV/AIDS patients, the elderly, diabetic patients, and the general population in epidemic areas. It would provide a basis for the country and localities to improve and optimize the active tuberculosis screening strategy of key populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stages in the natural history of tuberculosis and the current status and prospect of diagnosis LI Meng, GAO Qian Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (11): 1125-1131.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.11.005 Abstract （820）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （1244KB）（633）       Knowledge map    Save From Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to active disease, it is a complex continuous process that has been artificially separated into many stages. The focus of past studies, diagnostic tests, and pharmacological therapy are mainly on latent infection or active disease. The continuing high epidemic of tuberculosis has led to a gradual focus on other stages. Understanding the definition and characteristics of the different stages in the natural history of tuberculosis is essential for developing new diagnostic techniques and developing more rational interventions. This article provided a review of the definitions and characteristics of the various stages in the natural history of tuberculosis and the current status and prospect of its diagnosis, with the hope to aid in the development of early diagnostic tools and tuberculosis prevention strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the early efficacy and safety of the regimen containing bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis DING Cai-hong, XIONG Yu, WANG Qing, GAO Xu-sheng, HAO Yan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (9): 893-898.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.09.007 Abstract （662）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （780KB）（627）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the early efficacy and safety of the regimen containing bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB). Methods According to the inclusion criteria, 79 MDR-PTB patients diagnosed in Shandong chest hospital from September 2018 to December 2020 were prospectively studied, all of them completed 24-week anti-tuberculosis treatment containing bedaquiline. Basic characteristics (gender, age, residence, body mass index (BMI)) and clinical information (mycobacterium sputum smear and culture results, electrocardiogram, blood routine, liver and kidney function, chest CT, adverse drug reactions), etc.) were collected. To monitor the time of negative conversion of sputum culture, the occurrence of adverse drug reactions, and the treatment outcome during the treatment containing bedaquiline were monitored, and the factors affecting the treatment outcome were analyzed. Results Of the 79 cases, 72 (91.1%) had good outcomes and 7 (8.9%) had adverse outcomes after completing 24-week treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI <18.5 (20.8% (5/24)) and aged ≥45 years (27.8% (5/18)) were the risk factors for adverse outcomes (OR (95%CI) were 9.393 (1.443-61.125) and 7.769 (1.289-46.835), respectively. The median (quartile) of sputum culture negative conversion time was 4 (2, 8) weeks. The cumulative sputum culture negative conversion rate gradually increased with the extension of treatment time. The sputum culture negative conversion rates at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks were 30.4% (24/79), 51.9% (41/79), 70.9% (56/79), 83.5% (66/79), 87.3% (69/79), 88.6% (70/79) and 91.1% (72/79), respectively. Fifty-three patients (67.1%) had adverse drug-resistant, of which one had serious gastrointestinal reactions, 30 (38.0%) had prolonged Q-Tc interval, and Q-Tc interval ≥500 ms was found in 15 (19.0%); the Q-Tc interval increased first and then decreased with the increase in usage time of bedaquiline, and the peak was at the 12th week ((436.10±27.97) ms). Conclusion The treatment containing bedaquiline showed good outcome for MDR-PTB, with a higher rate of negative conversion of sputum culture in the early stage; adverse outcomes were more likely to happen in malnutrition, middle-aged and elderly patients. The Q-Tc interval of patients during treatment should be monitored. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of registration records of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 65 and above in China,2015—2021 Teng Rencong, Li Tao, LI Yuhong, Yang Chenlu, Zhang Canyou, Zhao Yanlin, Zhang Hui Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (4): 367-371.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220494 Abstract （487）   HTML （35）    PDF（pc） （708KB）（627）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the registration records of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients aged 65 and above in China from 2015 to 2021, to provide basis for strengthening TB control among elderly population. Methods: The medical records of elderly PTB patients aged 65 and above from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2021 were extracted from the Tuberculosis Management Information System (TBIMS), a subsystem of the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System, which included data of gender, age, ethnic, population classification, current address, case finding methods, bacteriological test result, etc. The registration number of PTB patients from 2015 to 2021 was also obtained from the TBIMS. The number of elderly populations from 2015 to 2021 was derived from the 2021 National bulletin on the development of elderly population care issued by the National Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive analysis was made on the registration data and population characteristics of elderly PTB patients aged 65 and above. Results: From 2015 to 2021, a total of 1220494 elderly PTB patients aged 65 years and above were registered in China, and the registration rate dropped from 117.8/100000 (171033/145240000) in 2015 to 81.1/100000 (162565/200560000) in 2021, showing an overall statistically significant decline trend ( {\chi }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=21268.25, P<0.001). The proportion of elderly PTB patients among all PTB patients increased from 21.3% (171033/804164) in 2015 to 27.4% (162565/593743) in 2021 year by year, showing an overall statistically significant increasing trend ( {\chi }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=9195.04, P<0.001). The etiologically positive rate of elderly PTB patients increased from 33.0% (56426/171033) in 2015 to 64.1% (104182/162565) in 2021 year by year, showing an statistically significant increasing trend ( {\chi }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=67776.63, P<0.001). Among 1220494 elderly PTB patients, the male to female ratio was 2.37∶1 (858031/362463), the proportion of ethnic minorities was 15.7% (191525 patients), the proportion of farmers, herdsmen and fishermen was 76.8% (936988 patients), the proportions of patients from eastern, central and western regions were 28.0% (341971 patients), 36.7% (448430 patients) and 35.3% (430093 patients) respectively; the proportion of passive finding was 96.9% (1182243 patients). Conclusion: From 2015 to 2021, the registration rate of PTB patients aged 65 and above in China showed a decline trend, but its proportion among all patients had been increasing continuously. Therefore, the elderly are worth more attention, especially for men, ethnic minorities and people in the central and western regions; At the same time, scientifically and orderly developing PTB active case finding in elderly is worthy of further exploration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 1: prevention: tuberculosis preventive treatment Guo Tonglei, Xin Henan, Gao Lei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (8): 723-727.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230199 Abstract （579）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （1382KB）（605）       Knowledge map    Save World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 1: prevention: tuberculosis preventive treatment (2020 version guideline) on February 25, 2020, and guided the implementation of the 2020 version guideline through the implementation manual which contains the details of the implementation of guidance recommendations. The 2020 version guideline integrates the latest research since the WHO released Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management in 2018, and updates some recommendations. The author introduces the 2020 version guideline and interprets its key recommendations, hoping to provide a reference for the implementation of tuberculosis preventive treatment in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the performance of deep learning models ResNet18 and ResNet50 based on multiphase CT for the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis Yi Wanqing, Zheng Xueyi, Zhang Zhuang, Sun Weirong, Yuan Xiaodong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2024, 46 (3): 288-293.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230375 Abstract （112）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1130KB）（604）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the feasibility of deep learning models based on CT images for the differential diagnosis of renal tuberculosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 200 patients (400 kidneys) admitted to the Eighth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the PLA from September 2018 to August 2020, diagnosed with renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, pyelonephritis, normal kidneys, renal cysts, or hydronephrosis by pathological or clinical confirmation. The 400 CT images of the kidneys were divided into the tuberculosis group (n=114) and the non-tuberculosis group (n=286), and then further divided into a training set (renal tuberculosis: 85; non-renal tuberculosis: 235) and a test set (renal tuberculosis: 29; non-renal tuberculosis: 51) with the ratio of 8∶2. Deep learning models for the unenhanced phase, corticomedullary phase, nephrographic phase, and excretory phase of the kidneys were constructed using the ResNet18 and ResNet50 networks based on the training set. The diagnostic performance of the constructed models for renal tuberculosis was evaluated based on the test set, including the calculation of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score. Results: In the training set, the average age of the tuberculosis group ((41.27±11.75) years) was lower than that of the non-tuberculosis group ((54.05±13.97) years), with a statistically significant difference (t=5.753, P<0.05). In the test set, the average age of the tuberculosis group ((44.06±11.95) years) was significantly lower than that of the non-tuberculosis group ((56.12±10.73) years)(t=3.444, P<0.05). In the training set, males accounted for 66.7% (40/60) and females accounted for 33.3% (20/60) in the tuberculosis group, while in the non-tuberculosis group, males accounted for 60.9% (78/128) and females accounted for 39.1% (50/128); however, the gender distribution showed no statistically significant difference in the training set (χ2=0.009, P=0.924). In the test set, 64.3% (18/28) of individuals in the tuberculosis group were male, and 35.7% (10/28) were female; in the non-tuberculosis group, 58.7% (27/46) were male, and 41.3% (19/46) were female, with no significant difference (χ2=0.018, P=0.894). The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score of the four-phase images were all higher in the ResNet18 model compared to those in the ResNet50 model. The ResNet18 model demonstrated superior performance in the corticomedullary phase, with an AUC of 0.925 and corresponding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score of 93.1%, 86.3%, 88.7%, and 0.857, respectively. In contrast, the AUC for the medullary phase of the ResNet50 model was 0.858, with corresponding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score of 72.4%, 84.3%, 80.0%, and 0.724, respectively. Conclusion: The diagnostic performance of the ResNet18 model for renal tuberculosis based on multi-phase CT images was superior to that of the ResNet50 model. And the corticomedullary phase exhibited the best diagnostic performance in the ResNet18 model, indicating the high clinical application value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Updates on the application of whole-genome sequencing for within-host heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zhang Rui, Liu Yanping, Qian Jun, Fang Qianglin, Yang Chongguang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1199-1204.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220250 Abstract （445）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1201KB）（594）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The genetic polymorphism of the MTB complex is relatively conservative. With the impressive progress in the field of next generation sequencing (NGS) and the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis, vast genetic heterogeneity has been observed in MTB isolates from different hosts and even within the same host. The reasons for this phenomenon are complex, at least including multiple or mixed infections of different strains and microevolution of the same strain within the host. Still, its mechanism and role in drug resistance, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of TB are not fully understood. This article reviews the identification and current research progress of the within-host genetic heterogeneity of MTB. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the characteristics of tuberculosis patients detected through active case finding in the elderly CHEN Hui, SUN Yan-bo, SHEN Xin, ZHU Li-mei, WANG Xiao-meng, SUN Ding-yong, ZHOU Lin, LIN Ding-wen, CHEN Chuang, ZHANG Can-you, ZHANG Hui, WANG Li-xia, ZHAN Si-yan, CHENG Jun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (6): 550-556.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.06.006 Abstract （685）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （819KB）（582）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the characteristics of patients and detection rate by active screening of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly population in the pilot sites. Methods During 2013—2019, the basic information and tuberculosis (TB) screening were carried out four times among permanent residents over 65 years old in 12 towns or communities in 8 counties (Xinzhuang Town, Minhang District, Shanghai; Daoshu Town, Danyang County, Jiangsu Province; Qinghu Town, Jiangshan City, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province; Donghuan Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province; Zhangshi Town, Weishi County, Kaifeng City, He’nan Province; Anjia Town and Changbao Town, Wuchang County, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province; Houba Town, Erlangmiao Town and Chonghua town, Jiangyou City, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province; Jiucheng Town, Haicheng Town, Pingguo County, Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), the prevalence of TB among elderly was obtained and the characteristics of patients and the trend of detection rate were compared. Results From 2018 to 2019, among the 36843 individuals, 23566 completed chest X-ray examination with the screening rate of 63.96%, and 82 patients were diagnosed. The PTB detection rate in the elderly was significantly higher in men (519.53/100000, 56/10779) than in women (203.44/100000, 26/12780) (χ2=16.843, P<0.01). The detection rate increased with age, from 275.70/100000 (65-74 years old group, 45/16322) to 542.01/100000 (85-113 years old group, 6/1107)(χ2trend=7.385, P=0.007). The detection rate was higher in western regions (Guangxi and Sichuan, 657.50/100000 (66/10038)) compared to the counties located in middle and eastern regions of China. The detection rate of close contacts and previous TB patients was significantly higher (9547.74/100000 (19/199) and 1108.03/100000(4/361)) compared to that of non-close contacts and new cases, respectively. From 2013 to 2019, there were four times screenings conducted in the same pilot site, the bacteriology positive rate of sputum smear in elderly TB patients (31.43% (55/175), 21.15% (33/156), 35.29% (36/102), 12.20% (10/82)) decreased with the year (χ2trend=7.290, P=0.007). The TB detection rate in the elderly was 650.49/100000 (175/26903), 618.07/100000 (156/25240), 474.79/100000 (102/21483) and 347.96/100000 (82/23566) respectively, which decreased year by year (χ2trend=25.659, P<0.01). Conclusion After frequent active case finding in the same area, the TB detection rate in the elderly decreased significantly. It reflects high risk factors, frequency and screening method should be considered when an active screening policy is developed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of awareness rate of core knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and control of newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients Jiang Xiaoying, Zhang Wen, Gao Mengqiu, Zhang Zhiguo, Mi Fengling Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (8): 794-800.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230090 Abstract （220）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （830KB）（575）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the awareness of the core knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and control among newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods: Using the prospective cohort study method, 202 newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients who met the conditions of the “home treatment management model” and were included in three municipal tuberculosis prevention and control institutions (specialized hospitals), including the Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, the Changping District Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute of Beijing, and the Daxing District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, from January 2019 to January 2023, were investigated. A self-designed survey questionnaire was used to conduct a face-to-face inquiry survey on the survey subjects at their first visit, collecting their basic information, past medical history, and current diagnosis and treatment status. The respondents who reported that they knew tuberculosis related core knowledge were further investigated the awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge. A total of 202 questionnaires were distributed and 202 valid questionnaires were collected, with a questionnaire effectiveness rate of 100%. The general situation of the respondents and the awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge were statistically analyzed, and the factors affecting the awareness rate were further analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Of the 202 respondents, 191 (94.55%) reported that they knew about tuberculosis, and the total awareness rate of the 8 core knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and control was 70.42% (1076/1528). Univariate analysis showed that the total awareness rate was the highest in the 15-29 year old group (76.69%, 227/296), and the lowest in the 45-59 year old group (65.20%, 193/296), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=19.236, P<0.001). The total awareness rate of non local registered residence (74.20%, 558/752), those with bachelor’s degree or above (77.02%, 191/248), those who do not drink (73.15%, 673/920) and those who used to drink but now do not (70.09%, 342/488) was significantly higher than that of registered residence (67.52%, 524/776), middle school (71.56%, 750/1048), primary school and below (60.78%, 141/232) and current drinkers (55.83%, 67/120), respectively. The differences were statistically significant (χ2 values were 8.236, 16.213, 15.589, respectively, and P values were <0.005,<0.001, and <0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of knowing tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge of patients with chronic diseases and patients aged 45-59 years were 30.0% (95%CI: 9.1%-98.8%) and 18.5% (95%CI: 3.5%-99.4%) of patients without chronic diseases and patients aged 15-29 years, respectively. The information channel for respondents to obtain tuberculosis prevention and control knowledge was mainly media (such as network/television/radio/leaflets), with a selection rate of 53.93% (103/191). Conclusion: The total awareness rate of tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge of newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients was low. Targeted measures should be taken for tuberculosis patients aged 45-59, with registered residence in the city, with secondary school and primary school education and below, and drinking now, and health education for tuberculosis prevention and control should be carried out through various information channels. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on clinical differential diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis under the background of tuberculosis epidemic Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Committee of the Chinese Anti-tuberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Clinical Multidisciplinary Cooperation Working Group of the Radiology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (12): 1227-1241.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220361 Abstract （784）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （6653KB）（574）       Knowledge map    Save Common pathological features of both intrathoracic sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis are epithelioid granulomas, and the clinical manifestations of the two diseases are similar to some extent, which may lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment. It is necessary to establish standardized identification and management procedures for the two diseases, especially in tuberculosis endemic areas. Therefore, the Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Committee of the Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis and Clinical Multidisciplinary Cooperation Working Group of the Radiology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized multidisciplinary experts to develop an Expert consensus on clinical differential diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis under the background of tuberculosis epidemic after combining clinical experiences and summarizing worldwide research results. The consensus provides the differentiation of the two diseases in terms of clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, bronchoscopy, pathological and etiological examinations. It also proposes a specific framework of confirming the diagnosis of challenging cases through multidisciplinary cooperation with specific procedures and steps. Meanwhile, target population for the screening of potential tuberculosis infection amongst sarcoidosis patients are determined. Additionally, recommendations are given on the treatment and management of latent tuberculosis infection, so as to provide accurate treatment and improve the prognosis of patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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To end tuberculosis epidemic needs strengthen the management of screening and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in high-risk groups MA Yan, LU Wei, GAO Lei, CHU Nai-hui, ZHOU Lin, CHENG Shi-ming Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (3): 209-214.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220008 Abstract （728）   HTML （95）    PDF（pc） （1027KB）（573）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the slow decline of tuberculosis incidence rate becomes a huge challenge to the goal of ending tuberculosis. In 2020, the estimated global latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) population was nearly 2 billion. With the condition of no preventive intervention, 5% to 10% of them will develop into active tuberculosis in the lifetime, and the incidence rate is higher in high-risk population. The World Health Organization has called for the promotion of the prevention of LTBI worldwide, so as to achieve the goal of a rapid decline in the incidence rate of tuberculosis. This paper reviews the current situation of LTBI epidemic and preventive treatment, the incidence risk of high-risk population, screening methods, intervention and management suggestions, etc., in order to provide reference for formulating LTBI intervention and management strategies and measures in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and reflections on development of laboratory diagnostic technology for tuberculosis Li Shanshan, Wang Yufeng, Shu Wei, Pang Yu Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (5): 446-453.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220535 Abstract （586）   HTML （67）    PDF（pc） （1721KB）（563）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnostic techniques are of great importance for the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB). Since the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Robert Koch in 1882, significant achievements have been made in the development of TB diagnosis from traditional etiological diagnostics to immunological and molecular diagnostics. Nevertheless, the current diagnostic technologies remain unable to meet current requirements, thereby hampering the achievement of the End TB Strategy by 2035. In view of these challenges, the authors discuss the core diagnostic needs of TB prevention and control, and explore the important development pipeline of future laboratory diagnosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the correlation between intestinal microbiota short chain fatty acids and pulmonary tuberculosis Zhang Xiaomeng, Li Min, Chai Yinghui, Zhou Jing, Lei Hong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 699-706.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230079 Abstract （274）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （898KB）（556）       Knowledge map    Save Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the main metabolites of the gut microbiota, mainly including formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and their branched chain fatty acids, and some salts. Research has shown that there is a significant direct correlation between SCFA and the occurrence and development of pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis leads to imbalance of gut microbiota, thereby reducing the abundance of SCFA, which affects the host immune system and the response of inflammatory factors; the disorder of host immune system and inflammatory factor will promote the occurrence and development of pulmonary tuberculosis.The author reviewed the correlation between SCFA and pulmonary tuberculosis, the possible regulatory mechanism between them, and whether it was possible to improve the abundance of SCFA in the body by regulating intestinal flora to achieve the purpose of treatment or adjuvant treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inspiration of the WHO Updated on the use of nucleic acid amplification tests to detect TB and drug-resistant TB: rapid communication XIA Hui, ZHAO Yan-lin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (8): 761-765.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.08.002 Abstract （613）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （907KB）（552）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis is essential to tuberculosis prevention and control. The World Health Organization issued the Update on the use of nucleic acid amplification tests to detect TB and drug-resistant TB: rapid communication in February 18th 2021. This inspiration provided an interpretation of detailed introduction of the technologies and their technical performance, and elaborated the experience, potential effects on the current national tuberculosis control program and implementation considerations of these technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Strive for excellence with an emphasis on fundamentals and innovations: interpretation of the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 Shu Wei, Liu Yuhong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (5): 454-457.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230102 Abstract （756）   HTML （82）    PDF（pc） （1025KB）（545）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control work needs innovative research and development to accelerate the implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy. On 27th October 2022, WHO released the Global Tuberculosis Report 2022, updating the latest progress of global TB research and innovation. This paper reviews the key achievements in the areas of research and innovation for new diagnostics, drugs and regimens as well as vaccines introduced in the report, and discusses some of China’s indigenous progresses in related areas. This paper aims to make China’s TB professionals better informed about the latest research development in TB prevention and control around the globe, fostering indigenous TB innovation efforts with greater originality. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recommendations on pretomanid (PA-824) in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis Chinese Antituberculosis Association , National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (1): 38-44.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210655 Abstract （1806）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （1406KB）（542）       Knowledge map    Save The duration of treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is 18-24 months, and severe adverse effect, poor treatment compliance, and no second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs to form an effective treatment regimen for some patients due to the wide drug resistance spectrum and led to high mortality always happened in the treatment. Therefore, the research of new drugs for MDR-TB treatment is an important issue for global tuberculosis control, as well as the key to improve the status of MDR-TB control and prevention in China. Pretomanid (PA-824), which was developed by the TB Alliance, combined with bedaquiline and linezolid to form the BPaL regimen. The new regimen had advantages of short course, oral drugs in the whole treatment, improved treatment compliance, high cure rate, brings new hope for severe MDR-TB patients, and was recommended by World Health Organization in 2020. Currently, bedaquiline and linezolid are available in China and used as second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs for the MDR-TB treatment. Therefore, it is urgent for PA-824 to be approved in China to save more MDR-TB patients. The Chinese Antituberculosis Association and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention co-organized domestic experts on TB control, clinical and basic research to write Recommendations on pretomanid (PA-824) in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis after discussions, to provide reference for accelerating the registration and application of PA-824 and BPaL regimen in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of the national burden on latent tuberculosis infection based a multi-center epidemiological survey and the space statistics model GAO Lei, ZHANG Hui, HU Mao-gui, XU Cheng-dong, XIA Yin-yin, LI Tao, CHEN Wei, HE Yi-jun, CAO Xue-fang, XIN He-nan, ZHANG Hao-ran, ZHAO Yan-lin, WANG Jin-feng, CHENG Shi-ming, JIN Qi, LIU Jian-jun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (1): 54-59.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210661 Abstract （868）   HTML （63）    PDF（pc） （3480KB）（533）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To estimate the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in China, which would provide essential evidence for improving the comprehensive strategy of tuberculosis (TB) control. Methods: The data of multi-center LTBI epidemiological survey in 2013 and the nationwide incidence of reported TB by counties between 2013-2019 were collected, and the prevalence of LTBI was estimated by using the Biased Sample Hospital-based Area Disease Estimation (B-SHADE). The accuracy was verified by using cross validation method with the survey data of two additional study sites. Results: In 2013, the prevalence of LTBI in people 5 years old and above was 18.08% (95%CI: 13.73%-22.42%) and in people 15 years old and above was 20.34% (95%CI: 15.63%-25.06%), respectively. The LTBI prevalence showed a trend of increasing with age and it was significantly higher in men (24.02% (95%CI: 18.27%-29.77%)) than that in women (16.91% (95%CI: 12.13%-21.70%)) at 15 years old and above group. The average absolute error of the estimations of two additional verification sites by B-SHADE model was found to be 0.95%. Conclusion: The prevalence of LTBI estimated by using the results of multi-center epidemiological survey and B-SHADE method makes up the lack of relevant data in recent years, which will provide evidence for China to timely strengthen LTBI management in target populations and to improve the prevention based TB control strategy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the Diagnosis process for etiology negative pulmonary tuberculosis (T/CHATA 008—2020) YANG Chun-long, ZHOU Lin, CHEN Ming-ting Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (11): 1116-1119.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.11.003 Abstract （828）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （1078KB）（525）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the Diagnostic for pulmonary tuberculosis (WS 288—2017) and Classification of tuberculosis (WS 196—2017), the Diagnosis process for etiology negative pulmonary tuberculosis (T/CHATA 008—2020) is the diagnostic criteria specifically developed for etiology negative tuberculosis. The guideline is so instructional and practical that it can help medical care institutions and their staff across the country to standardize the diagnostic performance for etiology negative tuberculosis. In this article we describe the background, the main contents and the matters need attention of the guideline in detail, with the aim of facilitating medical staff to better apply the algorithms in their clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents Fan Lichao, Jiao Weiwei, Wu Haoyu, Shen Adong, Chen Yu Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (1): 6-12.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220403 Abstract （526）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （1099KB）（524）       Knowledge map    Save On March 21, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents (2022 version Guideline), and provide guidance for the implementation of the guidance recommendations through the published implementation manual. The 2022 version Guideline standardizes the management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents based on the latest evidence-based medical evidence, and focuses on updating the use of Xpert Ultra as the initial diagnosis tool and rifampicin resistance detection tool for children and adolescents with tuberculosis; integrated treatment decision-making paths is enabled; 4-month treatment program is enabled for non-severe children; treatment program containing bedaquiline is enabled for multidrug-/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) children under the age of 6; among MDR/RR-TB children under 3 years of age, the treatment plan with delamanid can be used; the option of intensive treatment with a course of 6 months can be used for tuberculous meningitis; and the decentralized tuberculosis care model sinking to the grass-roots level and the integrated tuberculosis care model with family as the core can be used. The author now introduces the 2022 version Guideline and interprets the updated key points, aiming to provide reference for staff in the field of tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in children and adolescents based on evidence. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemic situation of pulmonary tuberculosis in schools in China from 2004 to 2021 Chen Hui, Zhang Canyou, Zhang Hui, Cheng Jun, Li Tao Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (8): 768-776.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220200 Abstract （1115）   HTML （94）    PDF（pc） （2813KB）（516）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the epidemic trend of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) of students and staff in China from 2004 to 2021. Methods: The reported data of PTB in students and staff (excluding Taiwan, Hongkong and Macao) from 2004 to 2021 were collected from Infectious diseases surveillance system and China statistical yearbook, and the trend of epidemic situation in schools was analyzed. Results: From 2004 to 2021, a total of 908171 student patients with PTB were reported, with the reported incidence of 19.26/100000, while 112336 staff patients with PTB were reported with the reported incidence of 34.12/100000. From 2008 to 2019, the reported incidence rates of PTB among students and staff both showed the downward trend (average annual percent change=―3.41% and ―8.22%, Z=―2.005 and ―6.626, P=0.045 and <0.001). Eighteen provinces showed significantly decreasing trends in incidence among students, and eleven provinces showed stable trends. However, two provinces (Tibet and Qinghai) showed significantly increasing trends. Conclusion: The PTB reported incidence in schools in China was decreasing, but incidences of Tibet and Qinghai were on the rise. PTB prevention and control in schools has achieved positive effects. It is still necessary to continue to strengthen the prevention and control of PTB in schools, and more attention should be paid to key areas and schools. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Validation, demonstration, and promotion of the “Three Technical Innovations Plus Health System Strengthening” comprehensive tuberculosis prevention and control model: the China National Health Commission-Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Tuberculosis Project ZHANG Hui, CHENG Jun, QU Yan, HUANG Fei, WANG Ni, HUAN Shi-tong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (8): 757-760.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.08.001 Abstract （619）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （974KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save So far, tuberculosis has still been a major infectious disease that seriously endangers human health. Particularly, the global pandemic of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 has brought new challenges to global tuberculosis prevention and control. This article reviews the 10-year history of the China National Health Commission-Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Tuberculosis Project based on the validation, demonstration and promotion of the “Three Technical Innovations Plus Health System Strengthening” comprehensive tuberculosis prevention and control model, to provide a reference for strengthening the prevention and control of tuberculosis in China and the world. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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End tuberculosis epidemic by establishing zero tuberculosis community CHENG Jun, ZHAO Yan-lin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (11): 1120-1124.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.11.004 Abstract （769）   HTML （72）    PDF（pc） （1154KB）（500）       Knowledge map    Save Community is the basic unit of society and the main place of implementing tuberculosis (TB) patients treatment and management. Active case finding and preventive therapy are the core elements of TB control action 2.0, guided by End TB Strategy. Public’s knowledge, attitude and practice for TB control are key points for eliminating hazard resulted from TB by spreading over whole area from one point gradually. Authors describe the importance of establishing Zero TB community, and suggest all effective measurements should be integrated into a package. Comprehensive measurements including active case finding and preventive therapy should be implemented at community level, and spread gradually to establish Zero TB county and/or Zero TB city, by which lay a solid foundation for End TB. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the prevalence and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in high-risk populations in China ZHANG Can-you, CHEN Bin, YE Jian-jun, HOU Jing-long, LI Hong-hai, YAO Yu-xia, ZHOU Fang-jing, ZHAO Jin-ming, LI Ting, YAN Hui-qin, LENG Dan-jing, ZHAO Fei, XIA Yin-yin, CHEN Hui, CHENG Jun, ZHANG Hui, WANG Li-xia Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (12): 1260-1268.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.12.006 Abstract （832）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （879KB）（498）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To obtain the prevalence,incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and influencing factors among elderly people aged 65 years and older, diabetic patients, people with TB history, close contacts of active TB patients, and HIV/AIDS patients(referred as “five key populations” hereafter) in China through continuous screening, and to provide basic evidence for developing screening strategies in key populations. Methods In 27 townships/communities of 10 counties selected from 10 provinces located in eastern, middle and western regions of China, face-to-face questionnaire surveys and chest X-ray examination were performed on all participants every year for 3 consecutive years. TB prevalence and incidence density of the five key populations were calculated, and univariate and multivariate analysis of different demographic characteristics were also conducted. Results From 2013 to 2015, 38193, 35305 and 30295 participants were screened respectively. After 3 years of continuous screening, the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB in all key populations dropped by 28.9% ((246.1-174.9)/246.1×100%), and the annual decline rate was 15.7% ($\big(\sqrt \frac{246.1}{174.9}-1 \big)$×100%); the prevalence of active TB dropped by 32.3% ((746.2-505.0)/746.2×100%), and the annual decline rate was 17.7% ($\big(\sqrt \frac{746.2}{505.0}-1 \big)$×100%). Taking survey of 2013 as the baseline, the incidence density of bacteriologically confirmed TB and active TB with 1-year follow-up (2014) in all key populations were 132.3 per 100000 person years (36/27202.4) and 143.7 per 100000 person years (71/49393.8), while with 2-years follow-up (2015), they were 488.9 per 100000 person years (133/27202.4) and 475.8 per 100000 person years (235/49393.8). Multivariate analysis found: male, advanced age (group ‘aged 75-84’ and group ‘aged 85 and older’), living in rural areas, ethnic minorities, unmarried/divorced/widowed, low family income per capita (2300-9999 yuan) and malnutrition (body mass index BMI<18.5) were risk factors for TB (OR (95%CI) were 3.4 (2.6-4.5), 1.6 (1.2-2.2) and 2.2 (1.3-3.5), 2.0 (1.5-2.8), 2.2 (1.6-3.0), 1.4 (1.1-1.9), 1.8 (1.3-2.4) and 1.9 (1.4-2.6) respectively), and overweight (body mass index ≥24) was a protective factor for TB (OR (95%CI)=0.3 (0.2-0.5)). Male, ethnic minorities and family with low annual income per capita (2300-9999 yuan) were risk factors for the onset of TB (aHR (95%CI) were 2.5 (1.9-3.5), 6.8 (4.8-9.6), 1.4 (1.0-1.9)), and overweight (BMI≥24) was a protective factor for the onset of TB (aHR (95%CI) was 0.5(0.4-0.7)). Conclusion The five key populations are high-risk populations of TB in China. Continuous active screening should be carried out in those key populations to quickly reduce the tuberculosis epidemic. Through identify people with different combinations of risk factors, we can set high-risk populations to target at them, thereby to increase the screening benefits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application progress of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay in tuberculosis diagnosis in children WANG Ya-cui, SUN Lin, SHEN A-dong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (8): 843-846.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.08.017 Abstract （776）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （708KB）（485）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis timely is challenging in children because of the nonspecific clinical manifestations, low load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in specimens, and insensitive and time-consuming characteristics of traditional diagnostic methods. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra), a new generation assay of Xpert, is gradually attract the attention of researchers and clinicians due to its superior performance and shorter turnaround time. In this review, the application of Xpert Ultra technology in pediatric tuberculosis was summarized to provide assistant for the diagnosis and treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of epidemiologic characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in floating population in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020 LAI Keng, JIANG Kun-hong, XIE Wei, YANG Jie-ying, LEI Yu, DU Yu-hua Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (8): 796-802.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.08.008 Abstract （593）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （954KB）（481）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in floating population in Guangzhou City, and provide evidence for PTB control strategies of floating population. Methods The data of PTB patients of floating population in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020 was collected in the “Tuberculosis Information Management System”, which included age, gender, occupation, patient discovery method, treatment classification, etiological results and so on. The distribution characteristics of this population were analyzed, and the seasonal effect of time series was analyzed by using seasonal index. Results From 2014 to 2020, a total of 68329 cases of PTB patients were registered in Guangzhou, among which 30692 cases were from floating population, accounting for 44.92% of total cases, from 30.81% (3530/11457) in 2014 to 50.73% (4185/8249) in 2020 (χ2trend=441.57, P<0.01). The median age was 33 (23,46) years and the main age group was 25-34 years old (32.69%, 10034/30692). The main occupation was housework and unemployment (45.85%, 14073/30692). The main source of patients was due to symptoms (44.22%, 13572/30692), and the patients were generally delayed (47.12%, 14462/30692). With the change of the year, the proportion of provincial mobility of household registration type increased (χ2=208.57, P<0.01), increasing from 25.89% (914/3530) in 2014 to 36.39% (1523/4185) in 2020; the source of clinical consultation decreased first then increased (χ2=971.89, P<0.01), from 45.69% (1613/3530) in 2014 to 30.74% (1285/4180) in 2017, and then up to 57.51% (2407/4185) in 2020. The prevalence of PTB in floating population was from March to September per year, with peak incidence in April and July. The proportion of PTB patients of floating population mainly concentrated in Baiyun and Tianhe Districts, increasing from 13.85% (489/3530) and 11.47% (405/3530) in 2014 to 24.64% (1031/4185) and 16.94% (709/4185) in 2020, respectively. Conclusion The epidemic situation of PTB among the floating population in Guangzhou is still severe, and shows seasonal variation. The patients are mainly male, young adults, housekeeping, housework and unemployment and have high delay rates and regional distribution, corresponding prevention and control strategies should be formulated according to the epidemic characteristics. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Landscape and prospect of tuberculosis vaccine research and development in China Zhang Mengxian, Wang Ni, Huang Fei, Zhou Liping, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (2): 125-129.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220267 Abstract （755）   HTML （77）    PDF（pc） （1115KB）（479）       Knowledge map    Save BCG is currently only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) at global level. It can mainly reduce the occurrence of tuberculous meningitis and disseminated tuberculosis in children, however, the protection effect on adolescents and adults is limited. In order to achieve “The End TB Strategy”, it is essential to research and develop novel tuberculosis vaccines that are effective for all ages. Encouraging research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines and participating in multi-regional clinical trials, which will help stimulate internal vitality, shorten the research and development cycle of TB vaccine, and accelerate the marketing and promotion speed. The author sorted out the current status of TB vaccine which are in clinic trial, the relevant supportive policies, the basic requirements of the multi-regional clinical trials and TB vaccine landscape. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of a cluster epidemic of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in a school CHANG Jun-li, ZHANG Jian-hong, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Hai-fang, FAN Peng-fei, LI Qiu-hua, DING Xue-ling Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2021, 43 (7): 751-754.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2021.07.019 Abstract （564）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （1323KB）（472）       Knowledge map    Save In May 2020, three student cases of active tuberculosis were reported in Yunhe County and Jinyun County of Lishui City in Zhejiang Province. Through field epidemiological investigation and follow-up laboratory test results, it was finally confirmed that the three student cases were a case of primary rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis aggregation epidemic. It is suggested that: taking various ways to strengthen the health education of tuberculosis prevention and control knowledge in schools, comprehensively promoting and strengthening the tuberculosis health screening of junior high school and senior high school freshmen, and early diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis under the existing diagnostic technology and detection ability are important measures to improve the accurate prevention and control ability of drug-resistant tuberculosis in schools; At the same time, strengthening the network platform epidemic monitorning and the establishment of tuberculosis drug-resistant strains gene bank platform are the most powerful basis for drug-resistant tuberculosis traceability analysis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of molecular biology detection technology for tuberculosis FAN Ru, LI Xiao-fei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (3): 294-298.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210646 Abstract （901）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （774KB）（463）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous development of medical science and technology, especially the advent of the era of precise diagnosis and treatment, molecular biology detection technology has been widely valued and applied in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis. Molecular biological detection technology has the advantages of accuracy, high efficiency and high throughput, which brings a new dawn for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and the prevention and control of the epidemic. Researches at home and abroad were summarized to expound the application status and the latest research progress based on nucleic acid amplification test technology, gene sequencing tuberculosis detection and drug sensitivity analysis technology and other new tuberculosis detection technology, in order to provide reference for the auxiliary diagnosis of tuberculosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of immunoadjuvant therapy in Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 Edition) AN Hui-ru, WU Xue-qiong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (6): 539-543.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220066 Abstract （409）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1152KB）（462）       Knowledge map    Save The occurrence, development and prognosis of tuberculosis (TB) are closely related to anti-TB immune function. TB patients often have anti-TB immune function abnormalities, the immune intervention using immune agents can improve the cure rate and reduced the recurrence rate. However, there is no consensus on the immune intervention and selection of immune agents for active TB. Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 Edition) published in No.1 of 2022 in Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis proposed specific suggestions and reached consensus on anti-TB immunotherapy. The factors of immune abnormality in TB patients, the concept of immunoadjuvant therapy for active TB, the clinical application of the immune intervention were further interpreted in this paper, to provide the reference of TB clinical workers in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Tuberculosis Control Branch of China Intrnational Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (6): 531-542.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230120 Abstract （420）   HTML （56）    PDF（pc） （1407KB）（460）       Knowledge map    Save Superficial lymph node tuberculosis is the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Due to the lack of specificity in its clinical symptoms, it is hard to differentiate it from non-tuberculous lymphadenitis, lymphoma, lymph node metastatic cancer, and other diseases. At present, there are many treatment methods for superficial lymphoid tuberculosis, mainly including systemic chemotherapy, local treatment, and integrated treatment with traditional Chinese and western medicine, while local treatment includes local injection of anti-tuberculosis drugs, ultrasonic drug penetration, and focal clearance and resection. Due to the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment scheme, it is better to choose appropriate treatment methods for specific types. How to select a reasonable treatment plan still lacks relevant guidance documents. Therefore, to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis, and improve the level of clinicians to enable the patients to recover early and reduce recurrence, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, the Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, and the Basic and Clinical Speciality Committees of the Tuberculosis Control Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care jointly organized experts to combine the experience and methods of diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis in China, as well as research results related to diagnosis and treatment abroad, to formulate Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis. This consensus outlines the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiological characteristics and main clinical manifestations of superficial lymph node tuberculosis. It also introduces common examination methods, puts forward the diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and prognosis, and gives treatment suggestions according to different clinical stages and pathological types, so that the clinicians can accurately diagnose and reasonably treat the patients with superficial lymph node tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics