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Diagnostic value of a nanopore sequencing assay of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis Yan Xiaojing, Wang Qingfeng, Yang Yang, Chu Naihui, Nie Wenjuan Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (5): 487-492.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230036 Abstract （375）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （758KB）（4598）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a nanopore sequencing assay for testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Methods: Fifty cases with suspected PTB from Beijing Chest Hospital from November 2021 to April 2022 were collected. These cases were diagnosed based on results of MGIT 960 culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing and nanopore sequencing of BALF samples collected during hospitalization. Taking the final clinical diagnosis as the reference standard, diagnostic accuracies of the three assays were compared. Results: Among the 50 cases analysed in this study, 22 (44.0%) were diagnosed as tuberculosis, 10 (20.0%) non-tuberculous mycobacteria and 18 (36.0%) bacterial pneumonia. Taking the clinic diagnosis as the reference standard, the sensitivity of nanopore sequencing assay technology, MGIT 960 culture and Xpert assay were 72.7% (16/22), 27.3% (6/22) and 31.8% (7/22), respectively, the specificity were 78.6% (22/28), 75.0% (21/28) and 96.4% (27/28), respectively, the accuracy were 76.0% (38/50), 54.0% (27/50) and 68.0% (34/50), respectively, and the Yoden index was 0.51, 0.02 and 0.28, respectively. Conclusion: Nanopore sequencing assay of BALF samples may have better diagnostic performance than Xpert and MGIT 960 cultures, and may improve the positive detection rate of BALF in suspected PTB patients. But this method cannot exclude pulmonary tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 714-717.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230144 Abstract （303）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （1576KB）（1590）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatic diseases National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease/The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (9): 869-879.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220225 Abstract （912）   HTML （61）    PDF（pc） （1599KB）（796）       Knowledge map    Save Rheumatic diseases are autoimmune diseases that occur when an individual’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, and are often treated with glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, biological agents, and small-molecule targeted drugs, etc., which can lead to an increased risk of other autoimmune dysfunctions in patients and the activation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Therefore, LTBI screening in clinical is essential for patients with rheumatic diseases who meet the screening criteria. This requires greater collaboration and awareness between rheumatologists and tuberculosis physicians, to conduct scientific assessment for patients with rheumatic diseases who need LTBI screening, and to develop preventive treatment guidelines to prevent patients with rheumatic diseases from developing active tuberculosis after LTBI. Therefore, the National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease/The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases joint effort in the publication of an expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of LTBI in patients with rheumatic diseases. This consensus is based on the epidemiology, evidence-based medicine, and clinical research of rheumatic diseases complicated with LTBI, and has been discussed for many times and reached consensus. It can serve as a reference. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 3: diagnosis: tests for tuberculosis infection Xin Henan, Gao Lei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 639-643.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230128 Abstract （642）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （954KB）（766）       Knowledge map    Save On September 30, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 3: diagnosis: tests for tuberculosis infection. The medical evidence-based guideline systematically evaluated the performance of different tests and recommended using of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-based skin tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection for the first time. The author now introduces the development of the new guideline and interprets the three key recommendations hoping to provide evidence-based reference for tuberculosis infection test and control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on ultrasound diagnosis, classification and interventional therapy of tuberculous pleurisy (2022 Edition) Ultrasound Professional Committee of Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Interventional Ultrasound Professional Committee of Interventional Physician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Danwei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (9): 880-897.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220257 Abstract （785）   HTML （62）    PDF（pc） （11822KB）（715）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculous pleurisy is pleural inflammation caused by delayed hypersensitivity response when Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades the pleural cavity. It is a kind of pulmonary tuberculosis, which is considered to be one of the main causes of exudative pleural effusion in clinic. Without timely and effective diagnosis or treatment, tuberculous pleurisy can lead to severe ventilatory dysfunction and pulmonary function damage. At present, chest ultrasound is the preferred imaging method for the diagnosis and evaluation of tuberculous pleurisy. One of the diagnostic criteria of tuberculous pleurisy is to obtain positive etiology or positive histopathology through ultrasound-guided pleural puncture biopsy. Classification and corresponding treatment of tuberculous pleurisy according to different ultrasound images can effectively improve the cure rate, reduce adverse complications and reduce the recurrence rate. Due to the differences in examination methods, diagnostic results and treatment between different hospitals and examiners, it is not conducive to the comprehensive management of patients with tuberculous pleurisy. Therefore, this consensus introduces ultrasound-guided pleural puncture biopsy, ultrasound classification of tuberculous pleurisy and clinical treatment of different types, aiming to provide precise, standardized and rational ultrasound diagnosis and treatment for tuberculous pleurisy patients at different stages. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, Module 4: treatment-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update Fu Liang, Ren Tantan, Zhang Peize, Lu Shuihua Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (4): 336-348.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220523 Abstract （909）   HTML （80）    PDF（pc） （1104KB）（707）       Knowledge map    Save World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, Module 4: treatment-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update on February 15, 2022. The author introduced the main points of the updated guidelines, including the recommendations on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (focusing on a new short-term plan), management, patient care, and treatment monitoring, and discussed the feasibility of the guidelines in clinical practice and future research directions in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Brucella spondylitis The Joint Tuberculosis Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, The Western China Bone Tuberculosis Union, The North China Union of Bone Tuberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (6): 531-538.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220138 Abstract （841）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （1185KB）（698）       Knowledge map    Save Brucellosis spondylitis has been increasing in recent years, because of the low early diagnosis rate, there is often the possibility of misdiagnosis and mistreatment, resulting in the difficulty of later treatment and disability of patients. In order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment process of patients with Brucella spondylitis, help more specialist to get the treatment details of such disease, and have evidence in the treatment, the Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Brucella spondylitis was jointly formulated by the Joint Tuberculosis Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, the Western China Bone Tuberculosis Union, the North China Union of Bone Tuberculosis. This consensus starts from the epidemiological characteristics of Brucella spondylitis, deeply expounds and discusses its common clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and diagnostic criteria, therapeutic drugs, surgical treatment methods, prognosis and so on. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of regression discontinuity in public health Yu Shengnan, Gao Qi, Zheng Liang, Shi Yuan, Chen Yijin, Li Xiujun Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 644-650.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230130 Abstract （284）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （2270KB）（666）       Knowledge map    Save Regression discontinuity (RD) is a kind of statistical method for making causal inferences based on counterfactuals composed of both sides of the cutoff. In recent years, the application of RD has gradually increased in public health, especially in the fields of factors influencing air quality and the effects of related policy interventions, as well as vaccine effectiveness. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19, RD has also been increasingly applied to investigate the impact of the epidemic on public health and individual behavior. The application conditions of RD are relatively simple, and RD can reduce the effect of confounding and reflect the causal relationship between variables more realistically. In this study, based on the introduction of the idea and application of RD, the current status of its application in public health is reviewed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evidence-based guidelines for active screening of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese communities Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Elderly Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (10): 987-997.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220321 Abstract （869）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （1257KB）（642）       Knowledge map    Save To achieve the goals of the End Tuberculosis Strategy, stronger measures are urgently needed to improve the detection and treatment of tuberculosis, and active screening is an important part of achieving the goals to ensure early diagnosis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis Control Branch and Elderly Tuberculosis Control Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis organized experts to develop the Chinese guidelines for active screening of pulmonary tuberculosis in communities based on the evidence and recommendations of the latest World Health Organization guidelines in 2021. The guidelines also supplemented follow-up newly published literature and relevant literature and research evidence in China. The guidelines systematically summarized the characteristics of active screening techniques such as symptom screening, chest imaging and C-reactive protein, and proposed to conduct pulmonary tuberculosis active screening among close contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, former tuberculosis patients, HIV/AIDS patients, the elderly, diabetic patients, and the general population in epidemic areas. It would provide a basis for the country and localities to improve and optimize the active tuberculosis screening strategy of key populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of registration records of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 65 and above in China,2015—2021 Teng Rencong, Li Tao, LI Yuhong, Yang Chenlu, Zhang Canyou, Zhao Yanlin, Zhang Hui Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (4): 367-371.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220494 Abstract （487）   HTML （35）    PDF（pc） （708KB）（627）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To analyze the registration records of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients aged 65 and above in China from 2015 to 2021, to provide basis for strengthening TB control among elderly population. Methods: The medical records of elderly PTB patients aged 65 and above from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2021 were extracted from the Tuberculosis Management Information System (TBIMS), a subsystem of the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System, which included data of gender, age, ethnic, population classification, current address, case finding methods, bacteriological test result, etc. The registration number of PTB patients from 2015 to 2021 was also obtained from the TBIMS. The number of elderly populations from 2015 to 2021 was derived from the 2021 National bulletin on the development of elderly population care issued by the National Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive analysis was made on the registration data and population characteristics of elderly PTB patients aged 65 and above. Results: From 2015 to 2021, a total of 1220494 elderly PTB patients aged 65 years and above were registered in China, and the registration rate dropped from 117.8/100000 (171033/145240000) in 2015 to 81.1/100000 (162565/200560000) in 2021, showing an overall statistically significant decline trend ( {\chi }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=21268.25, P<0.001). The proportion of elderly PTB patients among all PTB patients increased from 21.3% (171033/804164) in 2015 to 27.4% (162565/593743) in 2021 year by year, showing an overall statistically significant increasing trend ( {\chi }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=9195.04, P<0.001). The etiologically positive rate of elderly PTB patients increased from 33.0% (56426/171033) in 2015 to 64.1% (104182/162565) in 2021 year by year, showing an statistically significant increasing trend ( {\chi }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}^2=67776.63, P<0.001). Among 1220494 elderly PTB patients, the male to female ratio was 2.37∶1 (858031/362463), the proportion of ethnic minorities was 15.7% (191525 patients), the proportion of farmers, herdsmen and fishermen was 76.8% (936988 patients), the proportions of patients from eastern, central and western regions were 28.0% (341971 patients), 36.7% (448430 patients) and 35.3% (430093 patients) respectively; the proportion of passive finding was 96.9% (1182243 patients). Conclusion: From 2015 to 2021, the registration rate of PTB patients aged 65 and above in China showed a decline trend, but its proportion among all patients had been increasing continuously. Therefore, the elderly are worth more attention, especially for men, ethnic minorities and people in the central and western regions; At the same time, scientifically and orderly developing PTB active case finding in elderly is worthy of further exploration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 1: prevention: tuberculosis preventive treatment Guo Tonglei, Xin Henan, Gao Lei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (8): 723-727.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230199 Abstract （578）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （1382KB）（605）       Knowledge map    Save World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 1: prevention: tuberculosis preventive treatment (2020 version guideline) on February 25, 2020, and guided the implementation of the 2020 version guideline through the implementation manual which contains the details of the implementation of guidance recommendations. The 2020 version guideline integrates the latest research since the WHO released Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management in 2018, and updates some recommendations. The author introduces the 2020 version guideline and interprets its key recommendations, hoping to provide a reference for the implementation of tuberculosis preventive treatment in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the performance of deep learning models ResNet18 and ResNet50 based on multiphase CT for the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis Yi Wanqing, Zheng Xueyi, Zhang Zhuang, Sun Weirong, Yuan Xiaodong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2024, 46 (3): 288-293.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230375 Abstract （110）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1130KB）（604）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the feasibility of deep learning models based on CT images for the differential diagnosis of renal tuberculosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 200 patients (400 kidneys) admitted to the Eighth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the PLA from September 2018 to August 2020, diagnosed with renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, pyelonephritis, normal kidneys, renal cysts, or hydronephrosis by pathological or clinical confirmation. The 400 CT images of the kidneys were divided into the tuberculosis group (n=114) and the non-tuberculosis group (n=286), and then further divided into a training set (renal tuberculosis: 85; non-renal tuberculosis: 235) and a test set (renal tuberculosis: 29; non-renal tuberculosis: 51) with the ratio of 8∶2. Deep learning models for the unenhanced phase, corticomedullary phase, nephrographic phase, and excretory phase of the kidneys were constructed using the ResNet18 and ResNet50 networks based on the training set. The diagnostic performance of the constructed models for renal tuberculosis was evaluated based on the test set, including the calculation of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score. Results: In the training set, the average age of the tuberculosis group ((41.27±11.75) years) was lower than that of the non-tuberculosis group ((54.05±13.97) years), with a statistically significant difference (t=5.753, P<0.05). In the test set, the average age of the tuberculosis group ((44.06±11.95) years) was significantly lower than that of the non-tuberculosis group ((56.12±10.73) years)(t=3.444, P<0.05). In the training set, males accounted for 66.7% (40/60) and females accounted for 33.3% (20/60) in the tuberculosis group, while in the non-tuberculosis group, males accounted for 60.9% (78/128) and females accounted for 39.1% (50/128); however, the gender distribution showed no statistically significant difference in the training set (χ2=0.009, P=0.924). In the test set, 64.3% (18/28) of individuals in the tuberculosis group were male, and 35.7% (10/28) were female; in the non-tuberculosis group, 58.7% (27/46) were male, and 41.3% (19/46) were female, with no significant difference (χ2=0.018, P=0.894). The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score of the four-phase images were all higher in the ResNet18 model compared to those in the ResNet50 model. The ResNet18 model demonstrated superior performance in the corticomedullary phase, with an AUC of 0.925 and corresponding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score of 93.1%, 86.3%, 88.7%, and 0.857, respectively. In contrast, the AUC for the medullary phase of the ResNet50 model was 0.858, with corresponding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score of 72.4%, 84.3%, 80.0%, and 0.724, respectively. Conclusion: The diagnostic performance of the ResNet18 model for renal tuberculosis based on multi-phase CT images was superior to that of the ResNet50 model. And the corticomedullary phase exhibited the best diagnostic performance in the ResNet18 model, indicating the high clinical application value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Updates on the application of whole-genome sequencing for within-host heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zhang Rui, Liu Yanping, Qian Jun, Fang Qianglin, Yang Chongguang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1199-1204.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220250 Abstract （444）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1201KB）（594）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The genetic polymorphism of the MTB complex is relatively conservative. With the impressive progress in the field of next generation sequencing (NGS) and the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis, vast genetic heterogeneity has been observed in MTB isolates from different hosts and even within the same host. The reasons for this phenomenon are complex, at least including multiple or mixed infections of different strains and microevolution of the same strain within the host. Still, its mechanism and role in drug resistance, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of TB are not fully understood. This article reviews the identification and current research progress of the within-host genetic heterogeneity of MTB. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of awareness rate of core knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and control of newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients Jiang Xiaoying, Zhang Wen, Gao Mengqiu, Zhang Zhiguo, Mi Fengling Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (8): 794-800.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230090 Abstract （220）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （830KB）（575）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the awareness of the core knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and control among newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods: Using the prospective cohort study method, 202 newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients who met the conditions of the “home treatment management model” and were included in three municipal tuberculosis prevention and control institutions (specialized hospitals), including the Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, the Changping District Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute of Beijing, and the Daxing District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, from January 2019 to January 2023, were investigated. A self-designed survey questionnaire was used to conduct a face-to-face inquiry survey on the survey subjects at their first visit, collecting their basic information, past medical history, and current diagnosis and treatment status. The respondents who reported that they knew tuberculosis related core knowledge were further investigated the awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge. A total of 202 questionnaires were distributed and 202 valid questionnaires were collected, with a questionnaire effectiveness rate of 100%. The general situation of the respondents and the awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge were statistically analyzed, and the factors affecting the awareness rate were further analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Of the 202 respondents, 191 (94.55%) reported that they knew about tuberculosis, and the total awareness rate of the 8 core knowledge of tuberculosis prevention and control was 70.42% (1076/1528). Univariate analysis showed that the total awareness rate was the highest in the 15-29 year old group (76.69%, 227/296), and the lowest in the 45-59 year old group (65.20%, 193/296), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=19.236, P<0.001). The total awareness rate of non local registered residence (74.20%, 558/752), those with bachelor’s degree or above (77.02%, 191/248), those who do not drink (73.15%, 673/920) and those who used to drink but now do not (70.09%, 342/488) was significantly higher than that of registered residence (67.52%, 524/776), middle school (71.56%, 750/1048), primary school and below (60.78%, 141/232) and current drinkers (55.83%, 67/120), respectively. The differences were statistically significant (χ2 values were 8.236, 16.213, 15.589, respectively, and P values were <0.005,<0.001, and <0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of knowing tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge of patients with chronic diseases and patients aged 45-59 years were 30.0% (95%CI: 9.1%-98.8%) and 18.5% (95%CI: 3.5%-99.4%) of patients without chronic diseases and patients aged 15-29 years, respectively. The information channel for respondents to obtain tuberculosis prevention and control knowledge was mainly media (such as network/television/radio/leaflets), with a selection rate of 53.93% (103/191). Conclusion: The total awareness rate of tuberculosis prevention and control core knowledge of newly diagnosed pathogenic positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients was low. Targeted measures should be taken for tuberculosis patients aged 45-59, with registered residence in the city, with secondary school and primary school education and below, and drinking now, and health education for tuberculosis prevention and control should be carried out through various information channels. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on clinical differential diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis under the background of tuberculosis epidemic Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Committee of the Chinese Anti-tuberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Clinical Multidisciplinary Cooperation Working Group of the Radiology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (12): 1227-1241.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220361 Abstract （784）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （6653KB）（574）       Knowledge map    Save Common pathological features of both intrathoracic sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis are epithelioid granulomas, and the clinical manifestations of the two diseases are similar to some extent, which may lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment. It is necessary to establish standardized identification and management procedures for the two diseases, especially in tuberculosis endemic areas. Therefore, the Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Committee of the Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis and Clinical Multidisciplinary Cooperation Working Group of the Radiology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized multidisciplinary experts to develop an Expert consensus on clinical differential diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis under the background of tuberculosis epidemic after combining clinical experiences and summarizing worldwide research results. The consensus provides the differentiation of the two diseases in terms of clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, bronchoscopy, pathological and etiological examinations. It also proposes a specific framework of confirming the diagnosis of challenging cases through multidisciplinary cooperation with specific procedures and steps. Meanwhile, target population for the screening of potential tuberculosis infection amongst sarcoidosis patients are determined. Additionally, recommendations are given on the treatment and management of latent tuberculosis infection, so as to provide accurate treatment and improve the prognosis of patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and reflections on development of laboratory diagnostic technology for tuberculosis Li Shanshan, Wang Yufeng, Shu Wei, Pang Yu Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (5): 446-453.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220535 Abstract （585）   HTML （67）    PDF（pc） （1721KB）（562）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnostic techniques are of great importance for the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB). Since the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Robert Koch in 1882, significant achievements have been made in the development of TB diagnosis from traditional etiological diagnostics to immunological and molecular diagnostics. Nevertheless, the current diagnostic technologies remain unable to meet current requirements, thereby hampering the achievement of the End TB Strategy by 2035. In view of these challenges, the authors discuss the core diagnostic needs of TB prevention and control, and explore the important development pipeline of future laboratory diagnosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the correlation between intestinal microbiota short chain fatty acids and pulmonary tuberculosis Zhang Xiaomeng, Li Min, Chai Yinghui, Zhou Jing, Lei Hong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 699-706.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230079 Abstract （274）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （898KB）（554）       Knowledge map    Save Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the main metabolites of the gut microbiota, mainly including formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and their branched chain fatty acids, and some salts. Research has shown that there is a significant direct correlation between SCFA and the occurrence and development of pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis leads to imbalance of gut microbiota, thereby reducing the abundance of SCFA, which affects the host immune system and the response of inflammatory factors; the disorder of host immune system and inflammatory factor will promote the occurrence and development of pulmonary tuberculosis.The author reviewed the correlation between SCFA and pulmonary tuberculosis, the possible regulatory mechanism between them, and whether it was possible to improve the abundance of SCFA in the body by regulating intestinal flora to achieve the purpose of treatment or adjuvant treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Strive for excellence with an emphasis on fundamentals and innovations: interpretation of the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 Shu Wei, Liu Yuhong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (5): 454-457.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230102 Abstract （754）   HTML （82）    PDF（pc） （1025KB）（545）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control work needs innovative research and development to accelerate the implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy. On 27th October 2022, WHO released the Global Tuberculosis Report 2022, updating the latest progress of global TB research and innovation. This paper reviews the key achievements in the areas of research and innovation for new diagnostics, drugs and regimens as well as vaccines introduced in the report, and discusses some of China’s indigenous progresses in related areas. This paper aims to make China’s TB professionals better informed about the latest research development in TB prevention and control around the globe, fostering indigenous TB innovation efforts with greater originality. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents Fan Lichao, Jiao Weiwei, Wu Haoyu, Shen Adong, Chen Yu Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (1): 6-12.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220403 Abstract （526）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （1099KB）（522）       Knowledge map    Save On March 21, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents (2022 version Guideline), and provide guidance for the implementation of the guidance recommendations through the published implementation manual. The 2022 version Guideline standardizes the management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents based on the latest evidence-based medical evidence, and focuses on updating the use of Xpert Ultra as the initial diagnosis tool and rifampicin resistance detection tool for children and adolescents with tuberculosis; integrated treatment decision-making paths is enabled; 4-month treatment program is enabled for non-severe children; treatment program containing bedaquiline is enabled for multidrug-/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) children under the age of 6; among MDR/RR-TB children under 3 years of age, the treatment plan with delamanid can be used; the option of intensive treatment with a course of 6 months can be used for tuberculous meningitis; and the decentralized tuberculosis care model sinking to the grass-roots level and the integrated tuberculosis care model with family as the core can be used. The author now introduces the 2022 version Guideline and interprets the updated key points, aiming to provide reference for staff in the field of tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in children and adolescents based on evidence. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemic situation of pulmonary tuberculosis in schools in China from 2004 to 2021 Chen Hui, Zhang Canyou, Zhang Hui, Cheng Jun, Li Tao Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (8): 768-776.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220200 Abstract （1115）   HTML （94）    PDF（pc） （2813KB）（515）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the epidemic trend of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) of students and staff in China from 2004 to 2021. Methods: The reported data of PTB in students and staff (excluding Taiwan, Hongkong and Macao) from 2004 to 2021 were collected from Infectious diseases surveillance system and China statistical yearbook, and the trend of epidemic situation in schools was analyzed. Results: From 2004 to 2021, a total of 908171 student patients with PTB were reported, with the reported incidence of 19.26/100000, while 112336 staff patients with PTB were reported with the reported incidence of 34.12/100000. From 2008 to 2019, the reported incidence rates of PTB among students and staff both showed the downward trend (average annual percent change=―3.41% and ―8.22%, Z=―2.005 and ―6.626, P=0.045 and <0.001). Eighteen provinces showed significantly decreasing trends in incidence among students, and eleven provinces showed stable trends. However, two provinces (Tibet and Qinghai) showed significantly increasing trends. Conclusion: The PTB reported incidence in schools in China was decreasing, but incidences of Tibet and Qinghai were on the rise. PTB prevention and control in schools has achieved positive effects. It is still necessary to continue to strengthen the prevention and control of PTB in schools, and more attention should be paid to key areas and schools. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Landscape and prospect of tuberculosis vaccine research and development in China Zhang Mengxian, Wang Ni, Huang Fei, Zhou Liping, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (2): 125-129.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220267 Abstract （755）   HTML （77）    PDF（pc） （1115KB）（479）       Knowledge map    Save BCG is currently only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) at global level. It can mainly reduce the occurrence of tuberculous meningitis and disseminated tuberculosis in children, however, the protection effect on adolescents and adults is limited. In order to achieve “The End TB Strategy”, it is essential to research and develop novel tuberculosis vaccines that are effective for all ages. Encouraging research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines and participating in multi-regional clinical trials, which will help stimulate internal vitality, shorten the research and development cycle of TB vaccine, and accelerate the marketing and promotion speed. The author sorted out the current status of TB vaccine which are in clinic trial, the relevant supportive policies, the basic requirements of the multi-regional clinical trials and TB vaccine landscape. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of immunoadjuvant therapy in Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 Edition) AN Hui-ru, WU Xue-qiong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (6): 539-543.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220066 Abstract （407）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1152KB）（461）       Knowledge map    Save The occurrence, development and prognosis of tuberculosis (TB) are closely related to anti-TB immune function. TB patients often have anti-TB immune function abnormalities, the immune intervention using immune agents can improve the cure rate and reduced the recurrence rate. However, there is no consensus on the immune intervention and selection of immune agents for active TB. Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 Edition) published in No.1 of 2022 in Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis proposed specific suggestions and reached consensus on anti-TB immunotherapy. The factors of immune abnormality in TB patients, the concept of immunoadjuvant therapy for active TB, the clinical application of the immune intervention were further interpreted in this paper, to provide the reference of TB clinical workers in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Tuberculosis Control Branch of China Intrnational Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (6): 531-542.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230120 Abstract （420）   HTML （56）    PDF（pc） （1407KB）（460）       Knowledge map    Save Superficial lymph node tuberculosis is the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Due to the lack of specificity in its clinical symptoms, it is hard to differentiate it from non-tuberculous lymphadenitis, lymphoma, lymph node metastatic cancer, and other diseases. At present, there are many treatment methods for superficial lymphoid tuberculosis, mainly including systemic chemotherapy, local treatment, and integrated treatment with traditional Chinese and western medicine, while local treatment includes local injection of anti-tuberculosis drugs, ultrasonic drug penetration, and focal clearance and resection. Due to the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment scheme, it is better to choose appropriate treatment methods for specific types. How to select a reasonable treatment plan still lacks relevant guidance documents. Therefore, to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis, and improve the level of clinicians to enable the patients to recover early and reduce recurrence, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, the Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, and the Basic and Clinical Speciality Committees of the Tuberculosis Control Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care jointly organized experts to combine the experience and methods of diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis in China, as well as research results related to diagnosis and treatment abroad, to formulate Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymph node tuberculosis. This consensus outlines the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiological characteristics and main clinical manifestations of superficial lymph node tuberculosis. It also introduces common examination methods, puts forward the diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and prognosis, and gives treatment suggestions according to different clinical stages and pathological types, so that the clinicians can accurately diagnose and reasonably treat the patients with superficial lymph node tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessing next-generation sequencing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis in clinical sputum samples DAI Xiao-wei, WANG Nen-han, CHEN Shuang-shuang, YANG Xin-yu, TIAN Li-li, CHEN Hong, ZHANG Hong-tai, LI Chuan-you Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (7): 669-679.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220097 Abstract （2011）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （907KB）（449）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate detection efficacy of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical sputum samples. Methods: Sputum samples of 49 suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients diagnosed in Tuberculosis Outpatient Department of Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Beijing Center for Tuberculosis Research and Control) were collected from August to November, 2021. Suspected pulmonary tuberculosis were detected from sputum samples with acid-fast staining (smear),L-J culture and MGIT 960 liquid culture (culture), GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) and NGS methods. The positive detection rates of 4 kinds of methods were compared in the selected patients. We also evaluated the detection efficacy of different methods based on the results of clinical diagnosis. Results: There were 40 pulmonary tuberculosis patients (25 confirmed pathogen-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 15 clinical diagnosed cases) and 9 non-pulmonary tuberculosis patients (6 cases of pneumonia, 1 case of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection, 1 case of COPD and 1 case of asthma). The positive detection rates are statistically difference (χ2=17.614,17.018,20.753;Ps=0.000) among smear 44.9% (22/49), culture 51.0% (25/49), Xpert 49.0% (24/49) and NGS 69.4% (34/49). For etiology-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients, the positive detection rate by the NGS was 46.7% (7/15). Sensitivity were 55.0% (22/40), 60.0% (24/40), 60.0% (24/40), 80.0% (32/40), and specificity were 9/9, 8/9, 9/9, 7/9, and concordance rate were 63.3% (31/49), 65.3% (32/49), 67.3% (33/49), 79.6% (39/49), Kappa values were 0.310,0.297,0.355,0.459 based on smear, culture, Xpert and NGS respectively. Conclusion: NGS has the highest sensitivity and consistency based on the national clinical diagnosis standard of pulmonary tuberculosis, which can diagnose suspected pulmonary tuberculosis earlier and detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum samples rapidly and effectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on characteristic of drug resistance-associated gene mutations and the correlation with genotypes among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Zhejiang Province Wu Kunyang, Lu Yewei, Zhang Mingwu, Zhu Yelei, Li Xiangchen, Pan Junhang, Wang Xiaomeng, Wang Wei, Jiang Minmin, Peng Xiaojun, Wang Weixin, Gao Junshun, Liu Zhengwei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1126-1134.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220224 Abstract （448）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （849KB）（447）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the drug resistance analysis and detection performance of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on the characteristic of drug resistance-associated gene mutations and its correlation with genotypes among Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates in Zhejiang Province. Methods: WGS analysis of 14 drugs was performed on 808 MTB strains collected from the fifth tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance project in Zhejiang Province from 2018 and 2019. MTB genotypes and drug resistance-related gene mutations were identified, meanwhile, their relationship and the consistency of WGS drug susceptibility test results and phenotypic drug susceptibility test results of isoniazid were analyzed. Results: Of the 808 MTB strains, 153 were identified with drug-resistant gene mutations related to 11 anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin, ethionamide, para-aminosalicylic acid) and the overall mutation rate was 18.9%. The major drug resistance-associated gene mutation types were katG-315-S/T (isoniazid, 60.0% (45/75)), rpoB-450-S/L (rifampicin, 57.1% (16/28)), embB-306-M/V (ethambutol, 43.8% (7/16)), rpsL-43-K/R (streptomycin, 65.5% (36/55)), gyrA-94-D/G (fluoroquinolones, 36.6% (15/41)), rrs-1402-C/A (amikacin, 3/3), rrs-1402-C/A (kanamycin, 3/4), rrs-1402-C/A (capreomycin, 3/3), inhA-15-C/T (ethionamide, 65.0% (13/20)) and thyA-75-H/N (para-aminosalicylic acid, 7/8). Drug resistance-associated mutations on rpsL gene were detected only in Beijing genotype strains (6.8% (40/586) vs. 0.0% (0/222), χ2=15.943, P=0.000). The mutation rate of katG-315 was higher in Beijing genotype strains (6.8% (40/586)) than non-Beijing genotype strains (3.2% (7/222)) and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=3.964, P=0.046). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, consistency rate and Kappa value of the WGS drug resistance profiling method for isoniazid were 87.5% (49/56), 98.0% (680/694), 77.8% (49/63), 99.0% (680/687), 97.2% (729/750) and 0.808, respectively. Conclusion: The major drug resistance-associated gene mutations of 11 drugs were on katG, rpoB, embB, pncA, rpsL, gyrA, rrs, thyA and inhA among Zhejiang Province MTB strains. Mutations on rpsL, katG-315 and rpsL-43 were related with Beijing genotypes. The WGS drug resistance profiling method has comprehensive detection performance for isoniazid, but the performance of some drug-resistant gene mutations is poor. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application value of targeted next-generation sequencing for identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria strains Chen Hua, Chen Pinru, Li Yanyang, Deng Zhengxian, Xu Liuqing, Liang Feng, Hu Jinxing Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (4): 362-366.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220530 Abstract （538）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （763KB）（438）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To explore the application value of targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) in the identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains. Methods: From July 2021 to September 2022, 428 samples of hospitalized patients in the NTM Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Guangzhou Chest Hospital were collected for study, including 312 sputum samples and 116 bronchial lavage fluid samples. These samples were identified by tNGS mycobacterium identification (“tNGS” for short) and microbial culture (BACTEC MGIT 960)+DNA microarray chip method (“culture method” for short), and the detection results of the two methods were analyzed. Results: (1) tNGS and culture method respectively isolated 102 and 56 samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis respectively, and 150 and 182 NTM samples. (2) Detection rate of mycobacterium by tNGS was 58.88% (252/428), but there was no significant difference between tNGS and culture method (55.61% (238/428), χ2=0.936,P=0.333). (3) Taking culture method as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, false negative rate, false positive rate, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Kappa value of tNGS to detect mycobacterium were 80.65% (200/248), 92.22% (166/180), 22.43% (48/214), 6.54% (14/214), 93.46% (200/214), 77.57% (166/214) and 0.710, respectively. Conclusion: tNGS result is consistent with culture method, has good timeliness, sensitivity and specificity, which is conducive to formulating clinical treatment plan in the early stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A cross-sectional study on the economic burden of pulmonary tuberculosis patients from western China Hao Dongqing, Li Tao, Huang Fei, Xu Caihong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (11): 1021-1030.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230137 Abstract （228）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （1032KB）（435）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the economic burden of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in western China and provide reference for developing policies to reduce the economic burden of TB patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed cluster sampling to select 16 TB treatment facilities across 12 western provinces in China from October 2022 to December 2020. Face-to-face questionnaire surveys were conducted on drug-susceptive pulmonary TB patients who had undergone treatment for more than two weeks. These surveys encompassed their demographic characteristics, expenses and household income. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the demographic characteristics, expenses and catastrophic expenditure of patients. Results: A total of 1030 patients with pulmonary TB were included in the study. The median (IQR) of the total cost for tuberculosis patients was 8703.30 (4046.00, 15715.59) yuan, comprising direct medical costs of 5823.85 (2341.01, 10852.23) yuan, direct non-medical costs of 1589.53 (675.14, 3163.45) yuan, and indirect costs of 12.03 (0.34, 720.27) yuan. A total of 52.82% (544/1030) of patients experienced household catastrophic expenditure for the treatment of pulmonary TB. Conclusion: The economic burden of pulmonary TB patients in western region of China is heavy. The total cost and direct medical cost of pulmonary TB patients are high, contributing to a heightened incidence of household catastrophic expenditure. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on clinical monitoring and management of QTc interval prolongation caused by anti-tuberculous drugs Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2024, 46 (1): 8-17.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230271 Abstract （547）   HTML （40）    PDF（pc） （1793KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save Bedaquiline, delamanid, clofazimine and fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and moxifloxacin are essential to improve the global cure rate of multidrug resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, these drugs may lead to the prolongation of QTc interval corrected by electrocardiograph, which may cause serious adverse effects. Clinicians need to timely find, properly deal with and prevent adverse effects. This article aims at the common problems in clinical monitoring and management of QTc interval prolongation caused by anti-tuberculous drugs. According to the published research data and the application experience of participating experts, it was formed through discussion among many experts. Professional advice was given on the discovery, treatment and prevention of QTc interval prolongation caused by anti-tuberculous drugs, aiming at timely and standardized prevention and treatment of adverse reactions in the process of anti-tuberculous treatment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential diagnosis between latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis Xia Hui, Wang Ruibai, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (3): 253-259.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220391 Abstract （650）   HTML （55）    PDF（pc） （1132KB）（420）       Knowledge map    Save China is a country with a high burden of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. The treatment and prognosis of latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis are completely different. The current available diagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection cannot effectively predict the progress of infection and differentiate it from active tuberculosis, therefore, more accurate biomarkers need to be developed. The research progress, challenges and prospects of biomarkers for differential diagnosis between latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis were reviewed in the present study. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and clinical application of immunological detection technology for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection JIA Hong-yan, DONG Jing, ZHANG Zong-de, PAN Li-ping Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (7): 720-726.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220103 Abstract （773）   HTML （54）    PDF（pc） （886KB）（405）       Knowledge map    Save In the world and China, tuberculosis is still one of the infectious diseases requiring more attention to the prevention and control. Although the positive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleic acid has been defined as one of the basis for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, there are still a large number of tuberculosis patients with negative etiology in clinic and need to rely on immunological detection technology for auxiliary diagnosis. The immunopathological response and anti-tuberculosis immune response caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are the basis for the development of immunological technologies. Various kinds of cells, cytokines, chemokines, and antibodies, etc., involved in different stages of the immune response, are all potential targets for immunological diagnosis. In recent years, a number of new immunological technologies have been developed based on these targets, including interferon-γ release assay, new tuberculin test, IP-10 test and IFN-γ/IL-2 dual release assay, offers new hopes for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis. In addition, some new protein biomarkers and poly-functional lymphocytes in the development process also show good potential diagnostic values. Herein, the current application status, advantages and disadvantages of immune diagnostic technologies that have been used in clinical practice are reviewed, and biomarkers and other potential targets that may be used in clinic in the future are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development process of setting of critical concentrations for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Song Yuanyuan, Xia Hui, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (7): 631-638.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230153 Abstract （356）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （1102KB）（401）       Knowledge map    Save Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a crucial method for detecting drug resistance. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of certain drugs are sub-optimal with critical concentration being one of the key factors affecting results. This article provides a systematic summary and introduction on establishing and revising critical concentrations for anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing, and offered valuable guidance to laboratory technicians and clinicians for accurately interpreting drug susceptibility testing methods and results, as well as to facilitate critical concentration research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of monitoring results of tuberculosis drug-resistance in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2020 CHEN Yan-mei, WEN Wen-pei, WU Hui-zhong, XU Liu-yue, PENG Ke-hao, YU Mei-ling Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (7): 685-689.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220028 Abstract （551）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （829KB）（396）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To understand the situation and trend of drug resistance of tuberculosis patients in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods: A total of 92851 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis from 32 drug resistance surveillance sites in Guangdong Province from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020 were collected. The clinical information of the subjects was collected, the sputum samples were smeared, isolated and cultured, and the positive strains in culture were identified. A total of 30362 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) were obtained. The drug sensitivity test of 9 anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (Sm), kanamycin (Km), ofloxacin (Ofx), capreomycin (Cm), propylthionicotinamide (Pto) and sodium aminosalicylate (PAS) was carried out on MTB isolates by proportional method, and the drug resistance of the strains was analyzed. Results: The total drug resistance rate of 30362 strains was 26.75% (8121/30362), the multidrug resistance rate was 3.34% (1014/30362), the single drug resistance rate was 15.88% (4820/30362), and the multidrug resistance rate was 7.53% (2286/30362). The resistance rate of the strain to any one of the nine anti-tuberculosis drugs from high to low was Sm (14.59%, 4430/30362)>INH (9.25%, 2810/30362)>RFP (6.22%, 1887/30362)>EMB (5.72%, 1737/30362)>Ofx (3.03%, 920/30362)>Pto (3.00%, 912/30362)>PAS (2.25%, 684/30362)>Cm (2.00%, 606/30362)>Km (1.63%, 494/30362), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8889.800, P<0.01). Of the strains, 27783 were isolated from primary patients and 2579 strains were isolated from retreated patients. The drug resistance rate and multidrug resistance rate of retreated patients were significantly higher than those of primary patients (35.32% (911/2579) vs. 25.95% (7210/27783), χ 2=105.800, P<0.01; 10.35% (267/2579) vs. 2.69% (747/27783), χ 2=265.700, P<0.01). During the five years, the multidrug resistance rate of newly treated patients showed an upward trend (2.76% (152/5502) in 2016 and 3.19% (166/5203) in 2020), and the drug resistance rate of retreated patients showed a downward trend (38.85% (169/435) in 2016 and 35.02% (173/494) in 2020), the difference was statistically significant (χtrend2=6.584 and 6.334, P=0.010 and 0.012, respectively). The drug resistance rate and multidrug resistance rate of the strains from the Pearl River Delta region were significantly higher than those from the eastern and northwestern regions of Guangdong Province (27.35% (4540/16597) vs. 26.02% (3581/13765), χ 2=6.886, P=0.009; 3.59% (596/16597) vs. 3.04% (418/13765), χ 2=3.879, P=0.049). Conclusion: The epidemic situation of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Guangdong Province is still serious. Rifampicin resistance, drug resistance of newly treated patients and drug resistance of tuberculosis in floating population should be paid special attention. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on economic burden of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis Wang Boning, Li Tao, Chen Wei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (6): 607-612.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230018 Abstract （356）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （1005KB）（388）       Knowledge map    Save While the global tuberculosis epidemic has shown a decline trend in recent years, the economic burden induced by drug-resistant tuberculosis has increased. The reason is that the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis is expensive, the course of the disease is prolonged, and the side effects of treatment are serious. The authors reviewed the economic burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis and revealed the current research status of the economic burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis and its influencing factors to provide a reference for subsequent researches and medical insurance policy formulation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy and safety of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion proteins (EC) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A system review Cheng Xiao, Chen Zhe, Jiao Xuefeng, Yang Nan, Diao Sha, Ni Xiaofeng, Liu Zheng, He Siyi, Zeng Linan, Wan Chaomin, Kang Deying, Wu Bin, Ying Binwu, Zhang Hui, Zhao Rongsheng, Zhang Lingli Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (9): 917-926.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220253 Abstract （1450）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （1379KB）（384）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: Compared with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (TB-PPD), to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Methods: Data were searched from the clinical guideline database, biomedical literature database, official websites of health administrative departments and industry associations, and official websites of adverse reaction monitoring. The retrieval time is from the time of building the database to February 2022. English search terms were recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein and CFP10/ESAT6; Chinese search terms were recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein, Yika, and CFP10/ESAT6. Guidelines, consensuses, group standards, systematic reviews, and original studies on the efficacy and safety of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) and TB-PPD in diagnosing MTB infection were collected. Two investigators independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analysis or descriptive analysis were used according to the size of heterogeneity. Results: Two guidelines, three expert consensus papers, and two group standards were included, and all presented that both recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) and TB-PPD could be used for the detection of MTB infection and tuberculosis. One systematic review was included, and the results showed that the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) skin test recruited a total of 887 participants, with the sensitivity of 86.06% (95%CI: 82.39%-89.07%). The four original studies included were randomized controlled trials. The effectiveness meta-analysis showed that, regardless of the population, the sensitivity (89.3% vs. 90.4%) and negative likelihood ratio (0.177 vs. 0.220) of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) and TB-PPD were not significantly different. The specificity (85.5% vs. 47.3%), diagnostic odds ratio (42.238 vs. 8.040), positive likelihood ratio (6.048 vs. 1.710), positive predictive value (66.0% vs. 35.1%) and negative predictive value (96.2% vs. 94.0%) of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) were significantly better than those of TB-PPD. The safety results showed that the adverse events of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) and TB-PPD were just local itching and pain, and no serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion: Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) can be used for the diagnosis of MTB infection and auxiliary diagnosis of tuberculosis, and has better efficacy when compared with TB-PPD. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of Guideline on tuberculosis infection prevention and control in primary health care institute Cheng Jun, Lu Wei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (8): 762-767.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220207 Abstract （545）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （1029KB）（375）       Knowledge map    Save Guideline on tuberculosis infection prevention and control in primary health care institute (T/CHATA-018-2022), one of association standards launched by Chinese Antituberculosis Association, was put into force from Feb, 24th, 2022. In order to make the potential users to understand this standard well, the author described its background, main content and basis of measurements, and application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis Module 4: Treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis Yuan Yuan, Lu Shuihua Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1122-1125.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220330 Abstract （439）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （1029KB）（374）       Knowledge map    Save In 2010, World Health Organization (WHO) issued recommendations for the treatment of drug susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB). This treatment regimen is widely used, but in clinical practice, it is found that many patients fail to complete the 6-month treatment due to the long treatment time. Based on two phase Ⅲ trials, for the first time, the 2022 WHO guidelines add to the evidence-based recommendations of the most recent 2021 guideline development panel, which recommended a 4-month regimen for DS-TB. In this article, the author interprets the treatment of DS-TB according to the latest 2022 guidelines. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis in China: data from national drug resistant tuberculosis survey in 2018 Wang Shengfen, Zhou Yang, Ou Xichao, Xia Hui, Zhao Bing, Song Yuanyuan, Zheng Yang, Du Xin, Zhao Yanlin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1141-1147.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220268 Abstract （702）   HTML （56）    PDF（pc） （817KB）（371）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis in China in 2018, and provide evidence for formulating policies about treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. Methods: The 70 clusters selected by the National Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Baseline Survey during 2007—2008 were used as survey sites, newly diagnosed smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients were recruited in this study in 2018. Standardized questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic features, disease histories and medical treatment histories of these patients. Sputum samples were collected from presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting the surveysites for smear and culture. Positive isolates were transferred to provincial or municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or tuberculosis institutes for bacteria identification and drug susceptibility test. Survey procedures of SAS 9.4 software were used to calculate the weighted drug resistant prevalence considering the complex sampling design and sampling weight. Logistic regression model was used to assess changes in prevalence. Results: 3820 new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 643 retreated smear positive patients were included in the survey. Prevalence of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) was 5.08% (95%CI: 4.39%-5.77%) and 23.31% (95%CI: 20.14%-26.48%) in new cases and retreated patients, respectively. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) accounted for 3.52% (95%CI: 2.94%-4.11%) of new cases, and 18.01% (95%CI: 15.36%-20.67%) of retreated patients. Compared with the 2007—2008 baseline survey, the RR-TB prevalence in new cases (OR(95%CI): 0.71 (0.58-0.87);P<0.001) and retreated patients (OR(95%CI): 0.53 (0.41-0.68);P<0.001) decreased significantly. The MDR-TB prevalence of new cases (OR(95%CI): 0.53 (0.42-0.67);P<0.001) and retreated patients (OR(95%CI): 0.47 (0.36-0.61);P<0.001) also decreased significantly. It was estimated that the numbers of RR-TB patients were 12662 (95%CI: 10942-14382) and 8156 (95%CI: 7047-9265) among bacteriologically confirmed new cases and retreated patients nationwide in 2018. Conclusion: The prevalence of RR-TB and MDR-TB among new cases and retreated patients in 2018 decreased significantly while compared with that of the 2007—2008 baseline survey. However, due to the large number of population, China is still a country with high burden of drug resistant tuberculosis. It is suggested that comprehensive measures should be taken to reduce the emergence and spread of drug resistant tuberculosis, and then to reduce the overall burden of drug resistant tuberculosis in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease Kong Jiao, Chen Yuanyuan, Cai Qingshan, Zhao Yafang, Yu Yihang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1135-1140.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220298 Abstract （650）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （864KB）（368）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Methods: The data of 123 patients with suspected NTM-PD admitted to the Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2020 to February 2022 were retrospectively selected. According to the diagnostic criteria, 123 suspected NTM-PD patients were finally diagnosed as NTM-PD patients (NTM-PD group; n=74) and non-NTM-PD patients (non-NTM-PD group; n=49). All the patients underwent mNGS, PCR-fluorescence probe and mycobacterial culture in alveolar lavage fluid, sputum and lung tissue simultaneously. The sensitivity and specificity of the three methods were compared. Results: Based on the final clinical diagnosis, the sensitivities of mNGS, liquid culture and PCR fluorescence probe for NTM-PD detection were 83.8% (62/74), 78.4% (58/74) and 67.6% (50/74), respectively, the specificities were 65.3% (32/49), 91.8% (45/49) and 87.8% (43/49), respectively, the consistencies in diagnosis were 76.4% (94/123), 83.7% (103/123) and 75.6% (93/123), respectively, with Kappa values of 0.524, 0.647 and 0.521, respectively. Using liquid culture results as the standard, of mNGS and PCR fluorescence probe for NTM-PD detection, the sensitivities were 87.1% (54/62) and 75.8% (47/62), and specificities were 59.0% (36/61) and 85.2% (52/61), respectively, the consistencies in diagnosis were 73.2% (90/123) and 80.5% (99/123), and the Kappa values were 0.462 and 0.587, respectively. The strains of 74 NTM-PD patients were identified by mNGS and gene chip method, and the concordance rate of two detecting methods was 63.8% (37/58) with gene chip method as the standard for strain identification. Conclusion: For the diagnosis of NTM-PD, of mNGS detection, the sensitivity is high, it can directly identify the strains; however, the specificity is low, the specificity should be focused on improving, to better serve the clinic. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in research on treatments of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with Chinese traditional medicine YANG Chi, WANG Zhen-wei, SHA Wei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (7): 727-731.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220133 Abstract （518）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （902KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Save Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by the primary infection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) or improper tuberculosis treatment, which has become a major obstacle to end tuberculosis before 2035. Due to its poor cure rate, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs or treatment strategy. Chinese traditional medicine could alleviate the patients’ symptoms, reduce the toxicity and enhance effect when combined with anti-tuberculosis therapy, as well as improve patients’ immunity. The authors review the progress of Chinese traditional medicine of anti-tuberculosis treatments, which may provide more thoughts and strategies for clinicians. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (8): 757-761.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220193 Abstract （465）   HTML （55）    PDF（pc） （1070KB）（355）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the clinical application of nucleic acid MALDI-TOF MS technique in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Tuberculosis Control Branch of China Intrnational Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (6): 543-558.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20230113 Abstract （418）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （3420KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save Nucleic acid matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique has been increasingly applied in the etiology and drug resistance diagnosis of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis, providing a rapid and accurate basis for early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and drug resistance identification. However, it needs to be normalized that the clinician’s understanding and grasp of sample selection, retention, submitting time and precautions, and interpretation of report results. This consensus summarizes the clinical indications and specimen collection precautions of nucleic acid MALDI-TOF MS detection technique for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis, and introduces how to correctly interpret the reported results of nucleic acid MALDI-TOF MS technique used to mycobacterial species and drug resistance. It has important significance to further standardize the clinical application of nucleic acid MALDI-TOF MS technique in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis, improve the level of clinical diagnosis, and guide the early accurate and effective clinical treatment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the standard of Detection and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children Wang Zeming, Shen Adong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (1): 13-17.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220426 Abstract （446）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （1075KB）（339）       Knowledge map    Save The standard of Detection and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children (T/CHATA 015-2021) was published by the Chinese Antituberculosis Association on July 9, 2021. This standard was interpreted from the aspects of screening population, screening methods, diagnostic standards and anti-tuberculosis preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection, aiming to further improve the cognition of clinical pediatricians and staff related to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment on latent tuberculosis infection in children, and standardize the management of latent tuberculosis infection in children. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of immune function status assessment in Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 edition) Xue Yong, Wu Xueqiong Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (2): 134-138.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220421 Abstract （454）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （1049KB）（337）       Knowledge map    Save More and more clinical evidence showed that tuberculosis is not only an infectious disease, but also an immune disease. Many patients with active tuberculosis have the low immune function, so it is important and necessary to evaluate their immune function status, which can provide a basis for clinical immune intervention. Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 edition) published in Issue 1 of 2022 in the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, provides recommendations for the evaluation of immune function status and immunotherapy in tuberculosis patients, and forms a consensus. This interpretation mainly focuses on the assessment of immune function status, introduces more new progress of immune evaluation beyond the consensus for the readers, and enriches readers’ understanding of immune function assessment in tuberculosis patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the Operation specification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant protein skin test Guo Tonglei, Cao Xuefang, Gao Lei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (2): 130-133.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220407 Abstract （742）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （1020KB）（330）       Knowledge map    Save Operation specification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant protein skin test (T/CHATA 020—2022), one of the social organization standards issued by the Chinese Antituberculosis association, was put into force since February 24, 2022. The standard specifies the scope of application, contraindications, operating procedures, observation and treatment principles of common adverse reactions, and quality assurance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant protein skin test. To help medical staff better understand and normatively apply the Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant protein skin test, this article explains the drafting process and major points of the content of this standard. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the trend and prediction of reported incidence of national active pulmonary tuberculosis in China KANG Wan-li, LI Tian-jing, WANG Sai-sai, LI Chang-hua, ZHAO Qiu-yue, ZHENG Su-hua, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (7): 681-684.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20210672 Abstract （584）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （817KB）（329）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To study the trend of reported incidence of national active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in 2009—2018, and predict the reported incidence from 2019 to 2022 and the status of ending the TB epidemic in China. Methods: The active PTB reported incidence between 2009 and 2020 were collected. The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of national active tuberculosis between 2009 to 2018 and grey model (GM (1,1)) was used to predict the reported incidence. Results: The reported incidence of active PTB in China decreased from 81.09/100000 in 2009 to 59.27/100000 in 2018 with a downward trend according to the Mann-Kendall trend test (Z=-3.940, P<0.001). In the past 10 years, it has decreased by 26.91% and the average annual decline rate is 3.42%. The grey model GM (1,1) has good fitting accuracy and could be used to predict, with an average relative error of 0.8255%, posteriori error ratio C=0.097, and small error probability P=1 between predicted value and actual value. Predicted by the GM (1,1) model, the reported incidence of active PTB in China from 2019 to 2022 were 56.7673/100000, 55.1394/100000, 53.5581/100000 and 52.0222/100000, respectively. If the concurrent TB control strategy remains unchanged, the reported incidence of active PTB will be 39.04/100000 in 2030 and 32.80/100000 in 2035 based on the average annual decline rate of 3.42%. Conclusion: From 2009 to 2018, the active PTB reported incidence in China showed a downward trend. It is difficult to achieve the WHO End TB Strategy if the current control strategy remains unchanged. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and application of whole genome sequencing data analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Li Xiangchen, Liu Zhengwei, Lu Yewei, Zhu Yelei, Zhang Mingwu, Jiang Jinqin, Peng Xiaojun, Wang Weixin, Gao Junshun, Wang Xiaomeng Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1193-1198.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220219 Abstract （425）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （827KB）（323）       Knowledge map    Save Whole genome sequencing technology has been widely used in Mycobacterium tuberculosis research, including lineage identification, microevolution, drug resistance prediction, transmission monitoring and mixed infection detection, etc. Bioinformatics in genomics research runs through all stages from data processing, analysis and visualization, and plays a crucial role in the application of whole genome sequencing. Current mainstream bioinformatics software and platforms commonly used in the whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were mainly reviewed, and the newly developed bioinformatics methods in recent years from the aspects of availability, software selection and application were summarized, to provide a reference for researchers in the same field to improve the data analysis more conveniently and flexibly, and quickly select research tools. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application value of two-step detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection screening in schools Dong Xiaowei, Guo Huixin, Zhang Chenchen, Wang Jiawen, He Junlei, Li Guanhai, Li Jianwei, Wen Wenpei Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (8): 802-807.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220096 Abstract （591）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （2413KB）（314）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: To evaluate the application value of tuberculin skin test (TST) combined with interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA)(shorter form“two-step”) screening Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and active tuberculosis in students’ physical examination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 74358 students in Guangdong during 2017—2021, 50701 (68.18%) were treated with chest X-ray and 74148 (99.72%) were tested with TST. And then, 9702 (13.08%) students positive in TST test received IGRA test (two-step approach). Finally, the students with abnormal chest X-ray and those who were positive in TST and IGRA tests (double positive) should be further examined to clarify the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: Using the IGRA test results as the reference standard,taking the mean diameter of induration detected by TST of 5, 10 and 15 mm as the positive threshold, the consistency rates of MTB infection detected by TST and IGRA were 15.97% (1549/9702), 26.63% (2584/9702) and 81.11% (7869/9702), respectively, with the Kappa values of 0.014, 0.014 and 0.112, respectively. The rate of MTB infection detected by TST was significantly higher than that of the two-step method (11.67% (8652/74148) vs. 1.02% (759/74148), χ2=7068.423,P<0.001). The detection rate of pulmonary tuberculosis among students with moderate and strongly positive TST was significantly lower than that among students with double positive (0.29% (15/5219) vs. 1.84% (14/759), χ2=30.133,P<0.001). Conclusion: The consistency of detecting MTB infection by TST and IGRA is poor. The “two-step method” can significantly improve the detection rate of MTB infection and the screening efficiency of pulmonary tuberculosis in schools. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of sputum specimen collection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis Xie Fanghui, Liang Li, Zhao Xia, Yao Rong, Lei Limei, Guo Hui, Meng Meng, Wan Bin Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (9): 978-982.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220188 Abstract （628）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （820KB）（311）       Knowledge map    Save The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is based on the results of etiology (including bacteriology and molecular biology), and the sensitivity of etiology is affected by the quality of sputum samples. The quality of sputum samples is related to the collection time and method. This paper reviews the collection time, collection methods and intervention measures of sputum samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, so as to provide reference for improving the etiological detection rate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expert consensus on the application of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery in spinal tuberculosis surgery The Group of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2023, 45 (3): 225-234.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220493 Abstract （385）   HTML （35）    PDF（pc） （1233KB）（308）       Knowledge map    Save Spinal tuberculosis is the most common bone tuberculosis. Implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) management can shorten hospitalization, reduce incidence of complications and readmissions rate, and reduce medical costs of patients with spinal tuberculosis. Currently, ERAS had been accepted by more and more spinal tuberculosis surgeons. However, there is no expert consensus has been formed, which severely limits the application of ERAS in spinal tuberculosis surgery. Therefore, the Group of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, in conjunction with the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, organized experts to write the Expert consensus on the application of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery in spinal tuberculosis surgery on the basis of the characteristics of spinal tuberculosis disease and the previous research results of ERAS mode in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal tuberculosis, with a view to further standardize and guide the application of ERAS concept in spinal tuberculosis surgery, and promote the further development of spinal tuberculosis surgery. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure and function of lipoarabinomannan and its application in tuberculosis diagnosis Tang Minghui, Li Hao Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis    2022, 44 (11): 1205-1212.   DOI: 10.19982/j.issn.1000-6621.20220276 Abstract （749）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （2694KB）（306）       Knowledge map    Save Tuberculosis is a significant zoonosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Mannose-capped-lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), an essential glycolipid component of the cell wall, has immunomodulatory effects and is recognized by intrinsic cells and adaptive cells. ManLAM in body fluids is a biomarker with good specificity for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, and has the potential ability to differentiate the latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis. It also plays a certain role in detecting tuberculosis patients whose sputum could not be obtained. This article mainly introduces the structure, biosynthesis, and the related antibodies of ManLAM and summarizes the research progress in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, in order to provide reference for the development of tuberculosis diagnostic technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics